2011, Número 3
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Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc 2011; 49 (3)
Insuficiencia respiratoria pulmonar aguda y transfusión
Rodríguez-Moyado H
Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 46
Paginas: 273-280
Archivo PDF: 55.69 Kb.
RESUMEN
La insuficiencia respiratoria aguda es una complicación frecuente
en pacientes críticos. La
Food and Drug Administration la identifica
en los primeros lugares de causa de muerte por transfusión.
La transfusión se puede manifestar como síndrome de
insuficiencia respiratoria pulmonar aguda (SIRPA), sobrecarga
circulatoria por transfusión (síndrome TACO) y síndrome de insuficiencia
respiratoria aguda secundaria a transfusión (TRALI),
en los cuales se observan disnea de instalación súbita, infiltrados
pulmonares bilaterales (en la radiografía de tórax) e hipoxia
de 90 % o menor. La producción del TRALI se ha atribuido a
anticuerpos antileucocitos contenidos en el plasma del componente
transfundido, específicos contra los antígenos leucocitarios
de los pacientes. Es muy probable que el blanco de la acción
nociva de los anticuerpos antileucocitos y de las sustancias en
el plasma almacenado sean las células endoteliales de los capilares
pulmonares, las cuales están afectadas por un estado
inflamatorio previo; esto último ha sido planteado como mecanismo
de producción, semejante al fenómeno de Sanarelli–
Shwartzman. La prevención de estos síndromes está en evitar
la transfusión insuficientemente fundamentada en pacientes
críticos.
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