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Medicina & Laboratorio

2011, Número 05-06

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Medicina & Laboratorio 2011; 17 (05-06)


Vitamina D: nuevos paradigmas

Zuluaga ENA, Alfaro VJM, Balthazar GV, Jiménez BKE, Campuzano MG

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 110
Paginas: 211-246
Archivo PDF: 1552.37 Kb.


RESUMEN

La vitamina D ha pasado de ser solo una vitamina, a ser una importante prohormona con múltiples efectos en diferentes tipos de tejidos y en diversos procesos fisiológicos. Su acción no solo está relacionada con el metabolismo mineral óseo y el equilibrio fosfocálcico, sino también con efectos importantes en múltiples tipos celulares y en diversos mecanismos tales como secreción y efecto de la insulina, función endotelial, regulación del sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona, control del ciclo celular y apoptosis, autotolerancia inmunológica, y efectividad de la acción del sistema inmune ante las infecciones, entre muchos otros efectos. Por lo tanto, la deficiencia de vitamina D se relaciona no solo con raquitismo y osteomalacia, sino también con mayor riesgo de diabetes y de enfermedades cardiovasculares, oncológicas, infecciosas y autoinmunes. La prevalencia de la deficiencia de vitamina D es más alta de lo que tradicionalmente se ha considerado, inclusive en regiones tropicales donde hay mejor exposición solar. Esta deficiencia se está convirtiendo en una situación epidémica en aumento, aún no bien reconocida, con importantes implicaciones en la salud de la población, puesto que se asocia como factor de riesgo para múltiples enfermedades, como las anteriormente mencionadas, que en su conjunto constituyen la mayor carga de morbimortalidad a nivel mundial. Tanto la deficiencia como la insuficiencia de vitamina D, pueden presentarse en Colombia, a pesar de estar en zona tórrida, debido a la coexistencia de factores de riesgo como exposición solar inadecuada, insuficiente ingesta de vitamina D, color oscuro de la piel, poca actividad al aire libre, obesidad, uso de algunos medicamentos y lactancia materna sin suplementación, entre otros. Por lo tanto, se deben tomar medidas efectivas para evitar y detectar oportunamente esta deficiencia, y de esta manera disminuir el riesgo de las diversas enfermedades que de ella podrían derivarse.


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