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Medicina & Laboratorio

2008, Número 03-04

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Medicina & Laboratorio 2008; 14 (03-04)


Síndrome antifosfolípido: mecanismos patogénicos, diagnóstico y tratamiento

Pierangeli SS, Pierangeli HR

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 73
Paginas: 111-124
Archivo PDF: 1771.98 Kb.


RESUMEN

Los anticuerpos antifosfolípidos están asociados con trombosis y pérdidas fetales en pacientes con síndrome antifosfolípido. Se han descrito diversos mecanismos patogénicos para explicar las manifestaciones clínicas producidas por los anticuerpos. En esta revisión se discuten las modalidades corrientes para el tratamiento y se describe en detalle una actualización de las pruebas de laboratorio utilizadas para confirmar el diagnóstico de síndrome antifosfolípido. La prueba de anticuerpos anticardiolipina ha sido utilizada ampliamente por los médicos desde la mitad de los años 80 para el diagnóstico de pacientes con síndrome antifosfolípido. Establecer correctamente un diagnóstico permite manejar efectivamente pacientes con trombosis recurrentes y pérdidas fetales. La prueba de anticuerpos anticardiolipina fue establecida en 1983 como una técnica de radioinmunoensayo y fue luego convertida en un enzimoinmunoensayo (ELISA). Otra prueba utilizada comunmente en el diagnóstico de síndrome antifosfolípido es el anticoagulante lúpico. La prueba de anticuerpos anticardiolipina por ELISA es sensible para el diagnóstico de síndrome antifosfolípido pero de baja especificidad. Por otra parte, la prueba de anticoagulante lúpico, no obstante ser más específica, no es tan sensible como la prueba de anticuerpos anticardiolipina por ELISA. Se han desarrollado otras pruebas más específicas como la determinación de anticuerpos anti-β2 glicoproteína I (anti-β2GPI), antiprotrombina (anti-PT) y la prueba APhL por ELISA, que utiliza fosfolípidos cargados negativamente en lugar de cardiolipina como antígeno para cubrir los platos de microtitulación. Este módulo trata en detalle el valor clínico de las pruebas antes mencionadas, los problemas técnicos asociados con ellas, los criterios utilizados por el laboratorio para el diagnóstico de síndrome antifosfolípido y las posibles nuevas y mejores pruebas que estarán disponibles en un futuro cercano para el diagnóstico de síndrome antifosfolípido.


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