2000, Número 4
Reacciones adversas de los fármacos en los equinos
Sumano LH, Lizárraga MI, Ocampo CL, Obregón JK
Idioma: Español/Inglés
Referencias bibliográficas: 275
Paginas: 327-352
Archivo PDF: 197.44 Kb.
RESUMEN
El conocimiento de las reacciones adversas a los fármacos (RAF), identificadas recientemente o ya conocidas de antemano, limita necesariamente la ocurrencia de iatrogenias y facilita la pronta recuperación de los pacientes equinos. Las RAF pueden ocurrir en cualquier momento y bajo una gran variedad de situaciones clínicas. Sin embargo, si los clínicos mantienen un programa de actualización en este tema en particular e identifican los mecanismos de acción que propiciaron una RAF, podrán administrar los fármacos con mayor certeza y margen de seguridad. Asimismo, los clínicos predecirán la presentación de algunas RAF y sugerirán el uso de un fármaco alternativo. Los objetivos de este estudio retrospectivo fueron la actualización del conocimiento sobre las RAF, identificación del
modus operandi, incidencia, magnitud del daño que se pueda generar y, cuando es posible, el tratamiento adecuado. Se espera que de esta revisión se beneficien tanto los clínicos como sus pacientes equinos, pero adicionalmente se pretende favorecer el informe de hallazgos de RAF, con el fin de hacer cada vez más completo el conocimiento farmacológico de los medicamentos usados en la clínica de caballos.
REFERENCIAS (EN ESTE ARTÍCULO)
Vomand CK, Sumano LH. Adverse drug reactions and interactions in bovine medicine. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1990;197:899-905.
Leblanc PH. Chemical restraint for surgery in the standing horse. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1991;7:521-523.
Sarazan RD, Strake WA, Krause GF. Cardiovascular effects of detomidine, a new 2-adrenoceptor agonist, in the conscious pony. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1989;12:378-388.
Clarke KW, England GCW, Goossens L. Sedative and cardiovascular effects of romifidine, alone and in combination with butorphanol in the horse. J Vet Anaesth 1991;18:25-29.
Hubbell JAE, Muir WW. Emergency analgesia and chemical restraint in the horse. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1994;10:503-516.
Muir WW. Standing chemical restraint in horses. In: Muir WW, Hubbell JAE, editors. Equine anesthesia. Monitoring and emergency therapy. St. Louis (Mo): Mosby Year Book, 1991:247-280.
Shaw ML, Carpenter JW, Leith DE. Complications with the use of carfentanil citrate and xylazine hydrochloride to immobilize domestic horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1995;206:833-836.
Short C, Maylin G, Collier M. Responses to submaximal exercise in Standardbred horses with and without medication. Equine Pract 1990;12:23-28.
Sumano LH, Fuentes VO. Efecto de la xilacina sobre la respuesta presora del perro anestesiado con pentobarbital. Vet Méx 1979;10:13-17.
Browning AP, Collins JA. Sedation of horses with romifidine and butorphanol. Vet Rec 1994;134:90-91.
Garner HE, Amend JF, Rosborough JP. Effects of Bay Va 1470 on cardiovascular parameters in ponis. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 1971;66:1016-1021.
Gasthuys F, Parmentier D, Gossenes L, De Moor A. A preliminary study on the effects of atropine on bradycardia and heart blocks during romifidine sedation in the horse. Vet Res Comm 1990;14:489-502.
Kollias-Baker CA, Court MH, Williams LL. Influence of yohimbine and tolazoline on the cardiovascular, respiratory, and sedative effects of xylazine in the horse. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1993;16:350-358.
Leblanc PH, Caron JP. Clinical use of epidural xylazine in the horse. Equine Vet J 1990;22:180-181.
Short CE. Equine pain: use of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and analgesics for its prevention and control. Equine Pract 1995;17:12-22.
Vandenbossche GMR, Bouckaert S, De Muynck C, Remon JP, Mommens G, Van Zeveren A. Side effects of indomethacin in ponis. Vet Rec 1990;127:316.
Greene SA, Thurmon JC. Xylazine - a review of its pharmacology and use in veterinary medicine. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1988;11:295-313.
Gasthuys F, Demoore A, Parmentier D. Haemodynamic changes during sedation in ponis. Vet Res Comm 1990;14:309-327.
Hunt RJ, Brandon CI, Mccann M. Effects of acetylpromazine, xylazine, and vertical load on digital arterial blood flow in horses. Am J Vet Res 1994;55:375-378.
Stashak TS. Lameness. Laminitis In: Stashak TS, editor. Adam’s lameness in the horse. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1987;486-498.
Clarke KW, Paton BS. Combined use of detomidine with opiates in the horse. Equine Vet J 1988;20:331-334.
Stick JA, Chou CC, Dersen FJ. Effects of xylazine on equine intestinal vascular resistance, motility, compliance, and oxygen consumption. Am J Vet Res 1987;48:198-203.
Clark ES, Thompson SA, Becht JL, Moore JN. Effects of xylazine on cecal mechanical activity and cecal blood flow in healthy horses. Am J Vet Res 1988;49:720-723.
Bertone JJ. Critical care in adult horses: restraint, analgesia, and anti-inflammatory support. Vet Med 1993;40:1066-1073.
Lavoie JP, Pascoe JR, Kurpershoek CJ. Effects of xylazin on ventilation in horse. Am J Vet Res 1992;53:916-920.
Dyke TM. Sedatives, tranquilizers, and stimulants. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1993;9:621-634.
Bureau of Veterinary Drugs. Suspected drug adverse reactions reported to the Bureau of Veterinary Drugs. Can Vet J 1992;33:309-317.
Fuentes VO. Sudden death in a stallion after xylazine medication. Vet Rec 1979;102:106.
Taylor PM, Rest RJ, Duckham TN, Wood EJP. Possible potentiated sulphonamide and detomidine interactions. Vet Rec 1988;122:143.
Gleed RD. Tranquilizers and sedatives. In: Short CE, editor. Principles and practice in veterinary anesthesia. Baltimore (Md): Williams and Wilkins, 1987:17-27.
Thurmon JC, Steffy EP, Zinkl JG, Woliner M, Howland D. Xylazine causes transient dose-related hyperglycemia and increased urine volumes in mares. Am J Vet Res 1984;45:224-227.
Chopin JB, Wright JD. Complication after use of a combination of lignocaine and xylazine for epidural anaesthesia in a mare. Austr Vet J 1995;72:354-355.
Sumano H, Ocampo L. Farmacología veterinaria. México (DF): McGraw Hill, 1988.
Raekalio M, Vaino O, Scheinin M. Detomidine reduces the plasma cathecholamines but not cortisol concentrations in horses. Zentralbl Veterinaermed 1991;38:153-156.
England GCW, Clarke KW, Goossenes L. A comparison of sedative effects of three -2 adrenoreceptor agonists (romifidine, detomidine and xylazine) in the horse. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1992;15:194-201.
Bryant CE, England GC, Clarke KW. Comparison of the sedative effects of medetomidine and xylazine in horse. Vet Rec 1991;129:421-423.
Willoughby RA, Ecker GL, Mckee SL Riddolls LJ. Use of scintigraphy for the determination of mucociliary clearence rates in normal, sedated, diseased and exercised horses. Can J Vet Res 1991;55:315-320.
Gasthuys F, Terpstra P, Van Den Hende C, De Moor A. Biochemical changes in blood and urine during halothane anaesthesia with detomidine premedication in the horse. J Vet Med 1988;35:655-664.
Thurmon JC, Neff-Davis C, Davis LE, Stoker RA, Benson CJ, Lock TF. Xylazine hydrochloride-induced hyperglycemia and hypoinsulinemia in thoroughbred horses. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1982;5:241-245.
Henning GE, Court MH, King VL. The effect of xylazine on equine muscle surface capillary blood flow. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1995;18:388-390.
Adams SB, Lamar CH, Masty J. Motility of the distal portion of the jejunum and pelvic flexure in ponis. Effects of six drugs. Am J Vet Res 1984;45:795-799.
Watson TD, Sullivan M. Effects of detomidine on equine oesophageal function as studied by contrast radiography. Vet Rec 1991;129:67-69.
Ingvast-Larsson C, Kallings P, Persson S, Appelgren LE, Wiese B. Pharmacokinetics and cardio-respiratory effects of oral theophylline in excercised horses. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1989;12:189-199.
Gabel AA, Hamlin R, Smith CR. Effects of promazine and chloral hydrate on the cardiovascular system of the horse. Am J Vet Res 1964; 25:1151-1155.
Parry BW, Anderson GA, Gay CC. Hypotension in the horse induced by acepromazine maleate. Austr Vet J 1982;59:148-152.
Delbecke FT, Vynckier L, Debackere M. The disposition of suxibizone in the horse. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1993;16:283-290.
Schatzmann U, Gerber H, Ianni O. Comparison of clinical repercussions between xylazine and propionylpromazine used as premedication for inhalation anaesthesia in the horse. Ippologia, 1995;6:63-68.
Hashem A, Keller H. Disposition, bioavailability and clinical efficacy of orally administrated acepromazine in the horse. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1993;16:359-368.
Muir WW, Mason DE. Effects of diazepan, acepromazine, detomidine, and xylazine on thiamylal anesthesia in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1993;203:1031-1038.
Ballard S, Shults T, Kownacki AA, Blake JW, Tobin T. The pharmacokinetics, pharmacological responses and behavioral effects of ecapromazine in the horse. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1982;5:21-31.
Brewer BD, Hines MT, Stewart JT. Fluphenazine induced Parkinson-like syndrome in a horse. Equine Vet J 1990;22:136-141.
Kauffman VG, Soma L, Divers TJ, Perkons SZ. Extrapyramidal side effects caused by fluphenazine decanoate in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1989;195:1128-1130.
Kamerling SG. Narcotics and local anesthetics. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1993;9:605-620.
Tobin T, Woods WE. Narcotics and stimulants: how they affect horses. Proceedings of the Eleventh Bain-Fallon Memorial Lectures; 1989 May 22-26; Coffs Harbour (Artarmon) Australia. Australia (New South Wales): Australian Equine Veterinary Asocciation, 1989:49-59.
Kamerling SG, Dequick DJ, Weckman TJ. Dose-related effects of fentanyl autonomic and behavioral responses in performance horses. Gen Pharmacol 1985;16:253.
Mama KR, Pascoe PJ, Steffey EP. Evaluation of the interaction of mu and kappa opioid agonists on locomotor behavior in the horse. Can J Vet Res 1993;57:106-109.
Mcdonald J, Gall R, Widenbach P. Immunoassay detection of drugs in horses. I. Particle concentration fluoroimmunoassay detection of fentanyl and its congeners. Res Comm Chem Pathol Pharmacol 1987;57:389-407.
Pascoe PJ, Black WE, Claxton JM, Sansom RE. Pharmacokinetics and locomotor activity of alfentanil in the horse. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1991;14:317-325.
Pascoe PJ, Steffy EP, Black WD, Claxton JM, Jacobs JR, Woliner MJ. Evaluation of the effect of alfentanil on the minimum alveolar concentration of halothane in horses. Am J Vet Res 1993;54:1327-1332.
Plotka ED, Seal US, Eagle TC, Asa CS, Tester JR, Sniff DB. Rapid reversible immovilization of feral stallions using etorphine hydrochloride, xylazine hydrochloride, and atropine sulfate. J Wildlf Dis 1987;23:471-478.
Robertson SA. Metabolic and hormonal responses to neuroleptoanalgesia (etorfine and acepromazine) in the horse. Equine Vet J 1987;19:214-217.
Wilson DV, Nickels FA, Williams MA. Pharmacologic treatment of priapism in two horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1991;199:1183-1184.
Kamerling SG, Wood T, Dequick DJ, Weckman TJ, Tai C, Blake JW, Tobin T. Narcotic analgesics. Their detection, and pain measurement in the horse: a review. Equine Vet J 1989;21:4-12.
Gasthuys F, Vandamme R, De Moore A, Demeurichy W. Haemodynamic, metabolic, and physical responses to a neuroleptoanalgesic-glycerol guaiacolate combination in the horse. Vet Res Comm 1989;13:113-126.
Kamerling S, Wood T, DeQuick D, Weckman TJ, Tai C, Blake JW, et al. Narcotic analgesics, their detection and pain measurement in the horse: a review. Equine Vet J 1989;21:4-12.
Matthews NS, Lindsay SL. Effects of low-dose butorphanol on halothane minimum alveolar concentration in ponis. Equine Vet J 1990;22:325-327.
Nolan AM, Besley W, Reid J, Gray G. The effects of butorphanol on locomotor activity in ponis: a preliminary study. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1994;17:323-326.
Kamerling SG, Dequick DJ, Weckman TJ. Dose-related effects of ethylketazocine on nociception, behavior and autonomic responses in the horse. J Pharmacol 1986;38:40.
Kamerling SG, Weckman TJ, Donohoe J, Tobin T. Dose-related effects of the kappa agonist U50,488H on behaviour, nociception and autonomic response in the horse. Equine Vet J 1988;20:114-118.
Villar JI. Evaluación de los efectos cardiovasculares, hemáticos y anestésicos de la mezcla azaperona-metomidato en equinos (tesis de licenciatura) México (DF) México: Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. UNAM, 1983.
Dodman NH, Waterman E. Paradoxal excitement following the intravenous administration of azaperone in the horse. Equine Vet J 1979;11:33-35.
Muir WW, Sams RA, Huffman RH, Noonan JS. Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of diazepan in horses. Am J Vet Res 1982;43:1756-1762.
Norman WM, Dodman NH, Court MH. Interstitial pH and pressure in the dependent biceps femoris muscle of laterally recumbent anesthetized horses. Vet Surg 1988;17:234-239.
Nyman G, Funkquist B, Kvart C, Frostell C, Tokics L, Strandberg A, et al. Atelectasis causes gas exchange impairment in the anaesthetised horse. Equine Vet J 1990;22:317-324.
Trim CM. Anaesthesia and systemic disease: an overview. J Vet Anaesth 1991;Special Suppl:29-34.
Hubbell JAE, Muir WW, Sams RA. Guafenesin: cardiopulmonary effects and plasma concentrations in horses. Am J Vet Res 1980;41:1751-1755.
Herschl MA, Trim CM, Mahaffey EA. Effects of 5% and 10% guaifenesen on equine vascular endothelium. Vet Surg 1992;21:494-497.
Dickson LR, Badcode LM, Burbidge H, Kannegieter NJ. Jugular thrombophlebitis resulting from an anaesthetic induction technique in the horse. Equine Vet J 1990;22:177-179.
Matthews NS, Miller SM, Slater MR, Hartsfield SM, Short CE. A comparison of xylazine-ketamine and detomidine-ketamine anaesthesia in horses. J Vet Anaesth 1993;20:68-72.
Mccarty JE, Trim CM, Ferguson D. Prolongation of anesthesia with xylazine, ketamine, and guaifenesin in horses: 64 horses (1986-1989). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1990;197:1646-1650.
Matthews NS, Hartsfield SM, Cornick JL, Williams JD, Beasley A. A comparison of injectable anesthetic combinations in horses. Vet Surg 1991;20:268-273.
Daunt DA. Detomidine in equine sedation and analgesia. Comp Cont Educ Pract Vet 1995;17:1405-1411.
Mama KR, Steffey EP, Pascoe PJ. Evaluation of propofol as a general anesthetic for horses. Vet Surg 1995;24:188-194.
Matthews NS, Chaffin MK, Erickson SE, Overhulse WA. Propofol anesthesia for non-surgical procedures of neonatal foals. Equine Pract 1995;17:15-20.
Lindsay WA, Robinson GM, Brunson DB, Majors LJ. Induction of equine postanesthetic myositis after halothane-induced hypotension. Am J Vet Res 1988;50:404-410.
Branson KR, Benson GJ, Thurmon JC, Olson WA, Tranquilli WJ, Dorner JL. Hemodynamic parameters and tissue oxygenation during halothane anesthesia in normal horses and those experiencing post anesthetic lameness. J Equine Vet Sci 1992;12:153-159.
Steffey EP, Giri SN, Dunlop CL, Cullen LK, Hodgson DS, Willits N. Biochemical and haematological changes following prolonged halothane anaesthesia in horses. Res Vet Sci 1993;55:338-345.
Luna SPL, Taylor PM, Dick CJ. Midazolam and ketamine induction before halothane anaesthesia in ponis. Cardiorespiratory, endocrine and metabolic changes. J Vet Anaesth 1993;20:49.
Cornick JL, Seahorn TL, Hartsfield SM. Hyperthermia during isofluorane anaesthesia in a horse suspected hyperkalemic periodic paralysis. Equine Vet J 1994;26:511-514.
Trim CM, Wan PY. Hypoxaemia during anaesthesia in seven horses with colic. J Assoc Vet Anaesth GB I 1990;17:45-49.
Wilson DA, MacFadden KE, Green EM, Crabill M, Frankeny RL, Thorne JG. Case control and historical cohort study of diarrhea associated with administration of trimetroprim-potentiated sulphonamides to horses and ponis. J Vet Int Med 1996;10:258-264.
Spoo JW, Riviere JE. Sulfonamides. In: Adams HR, editor. Veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics. 7th ed. Ames (Io): Iowa State University Press, 1995a:753-773.
Brumbaugh GW. Toxicity of pharmacological agents. In: Robinson EN, editor. Current therapy in equine medicine. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co., 1992:353-358.
Schmitz DG. Toxic nephropathies. In: Robinson EN, editor. Current therapy in equine medicine. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co., 1987:704-708.
Van Duijkeren E, Vulto AG, Van Miert A. Trimethoprim/sulfonamide combinations in the horse: a review. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1994a:17:64-73.
Plumb DC. Veterinary drug handbook. 2nd ed. Ames (Io): Iowa State University Press, 1995.
Miller EP, Gunderson GR, Collier MA. Clinical field evaluation of a sulfadiazine-trimethoprim combination in horses. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 1984;79:227-232.
Brown MP, Gronwall RR, Houston AE. Pharmacokinetics and body fluid and endometrial concentrations of ormetroprim-sulfadiamethoxine in mares. Can J Vet Res 1989;53:12-16.
Zeller W, Schatzmann U, Meier R, Tschudi P. Wirkungen von Na-penicillin G, Sulfadimidin, Sulfadimethoxin und Flunixin-Meglubin auf Atmung und Kreislauf nach intravenöser Applikation am anästhesierten Pferd. Schweiz Arch Thk 1988;130:329-349.
100.Van Duijkeren E, Vulto AG, Sloet-Van Oldruitenborgh Oosterbaan MM, Mevius DJ, Kessels
101.BGF, Breukink HJ, Van Miert A. A comparative study of the pharmacokinetics of intravenous and oral trimethoprim/sulphadiazine formulations in the horse. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1994;17:440-446.
102.Alexander F, Collett RA. Trimethoprim in the horse. Equine Vet J 1975;7:203-206.
103.Ensink JM, Klein WR, Barneveld A, Van Miert A, Vulto AG. Side effects of oral antimicrobial agents in the horse: a comparison of pivampicillin and trimethoprim/sulphadiazine. Vet Rec 1996;138:253-256.
104.Whitlock RH. Acute diarrhoeal diseases in the horse. Proceedings of the 21st Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners; 1975 Dec 1-3; Boston (Ma). Lexington (Ke): American Association of Equine Practitioners, 1976:309-401.
105.Whitlock RH. Colitis: differential diagnosis and treatment. Equine Vet J 1986;18:278-283.
106.Perrin J, Cosmetatos I, Gallusser A, Lobsiger L, Straub R, Nicolet J. Clostridium difficile associated with typhlocolitis in an adult horse. J Vet Diagn Invest 1993;5:99-101.
107.Dodds WJ. Sulfonamides and blood dyscrasias. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1990;196:681-682.
108.Chapman CB, Courage P, Nielsen IL Sitarman BR, Huntington PJ. The role of procaine in adverse reactions to procaine penicillin in horses. Austr Vet J 1992;69:129-133.
109.Sullins KE, Messer NT, Nelson R. Serum concentration of penicillin in the horse after repeated intramuscular injections of procaine penicillin G alone or in combination with benzatine penicillin and/or phenylbutazone. Am J Vet Res 1984;45:1003-1007.
110.Sumano LH, Ocampo CL, López PG. Serum and synovial concentrations of penicillin G in horses after two different dose schemes. Equine Pract 1994;16:18-21.
111.Miller RM. The case for penicillin. Vet Med 1971;66:300-301.
112.Nielsen IL, Jacobs KA, Huntington PJ, Chapman CB, Pool R. Adverse reaction to procaine penicillin G in horses. Austr Vet J 1988;65:181-184.
113.Craddock S. Adverse penicillin reaction. Austr Equine Vet 1993;11:157.
114.Tobin T. Pharmacology review: chemotherapy in the horse- the penicillins. J Equine Med Surg 1978;2:475-477.
115.Blucke G, Williams SW. Chemotherapy with antibiotics and allied drugs. 4th ed. Canberra, Australia: Australian Goverment Publishing Service, 1978.
116.Kemble T. A procaine penicillin reaction in a 3-year-old Anglo Arab mare. Equine Vet Educ 1995;7:79-80.
117.English PB. Penicillin blood levels in the horse with fortified benzathine. Austr Vet J 1958;34:82-88.
118.Tobin T, Blake JW, Sturman L, Arnett S, Truelove J. Pharmacology of procaine in the horse: pharmacokinetics and behavioural effects. Am J Vet Res 1977;38:637-647.
119.Firth EC, Nouws JFM, Driessens F, Schmaetz P, Peperkamp K, Klein WR. Effect of the injection site on the pharmacokinetics of procain penicillin G in horses. Am J Vet Res 1986;47:2380-2384.
120.Tobin T, Blake JW, Tai CY, Sturman L, Arnett S. Pharmacology of procaine in the horse: procaine esterase properties of equine plasma and synovial fluid. Am J Vet Res 1976;37:1165-1170.
121.Step DL, Blue JT, Dill SG. Penicillin induced hemolytic anemia and acute hepatic failure following treatment of tetanus in a horse. Cornell Vet 1991;81:13-18.
122.Mcconnico RS, Roberts MC, Tompkins M. Penicillin-induced immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1992;201:1402-1403.
123.Robbins RL, Wallace SS, Brunner CJ, Gardner TR, Difranco BJ, Speirs VC. Immune-mediated haemolytic disease after penicillin therapy in a horse. Equine Vet J 1993;25:462-465.
124.Hubbell JAE, Muir WW, Robertson JT, Sams RA. Cardiovascular effects of intravenous sodium penicillin, sodium cefalozin, and sodium citrate in awake and anesthetized horses. Vet Surg 1987;16:245-250.
125.Freestone JF, Carlson GP, Harrold DR, Church G. Furosemide and sodium bicarbonate-induced alkalosis in the horse and response to oral KCl or NaCl therapy. Am J Vet Res 1989;50:1334-1339.
126.Gardner SY, Aucoin DP. Pharmacokinetics of ceftriaxone in mares. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1994;17:155-156.
127.Cervantes CC, Brown MP, Gronwall R, Merritt K. Pharmacokinetics and concentrations of ceftiofur sodium in body fluids and endometrium after repeated intramuscular injections in mares. Am J Vet Res 1993;54:573-575.
128.Brown MP, Gronwall RR, Houston AE. Pharmacokinetics and body fluid and endometrial concentrations of cefoxitin in mares. Am J Vet Res 1986;47:1734-1738.
129.Brumbaugh GW, Langston VC. Principles of antimicrobial therapy. In: Smith BP, editor. Large animal internal medicine. St. Louis (Mo): The C.V. Mosby Co., 1990:1436-1451.
130.Riviere JE, Spoo JW. Tetracycline antibiotics. In: Adams HR, editor. Veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics. 7th ed. Ames (Io): Iowa State University Press, 1995:784-796.
131.Fey K, Sasse HH. The impact of antibiotics on the fecal flora of the horse- a review. Pferdeheilkunde 1997;13:11-22.
132.Cook WR. Diarrhoea in the horse associated with stress and tetracyclin therapy. Vet Rec 1973;93:15-16.
133.Prescott JF, Staempfli HR, Barker IK, Bettoni R, Delaney K. A method for reproducing fatal idiopathic colitis (colitis X) in ponis and isolation of a Clostridium as a possible agent. Equine Vet J 1988;20:417-420.
134.Potter WC. Collapse following intravenous injection of oxytetracycline in two horses. Austr Vet J 1973;49:547-548.
135.Vivrette S, Cowgill LD, Pascoe J, Suter C, Becker T. Hemodialysis for treatment of oxytetracycline-induced acute renal failure in a neonatal foal. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1993;203:105-107.
136.Riond JL, Riviere JE, Duckett WM, Atkins CE, Jernigan AD, Rikihisa Y, Spurlock SL. Cardiovascular effects and fatalities associated with intravenous administration of doxycycline to horses and ponis. Equine Vet J 1992;24:41-45.
137.Riond JL, Duckett WM, Riviere JE, Jernigan AD, Spurlock SL. Concerned about intravenous use of doxycyclinein horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1989;195:846-847.
138.Andersson G, Ekman L, Mansson I, Persson S, Rubarth S, Tufvesson G. Lethal complications following administration of oxytetracyclin in the horse. Nord Vet Med 1971;23:9-22.
139.Owen RA. Post stress diahrroea in the horse. Vet Rec 1975;96:267-270.
140.Edwards DJ, Love DN, Raus J. The nephrotoxic potential of neomycin in the horse. Equine Vet J 1989;21:206-210.
141.Riviere JE, Spoo JW. Aminoglycoside antibiotics. In: Adams HR, editor. Veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics. 7th ed. Ames (Io): Iowa State University Press, 1995:797-819.
142.Bennett WM, Plamp CE, Gilbert DM, Parker RA, Porter GA. The influence of dosage regimen on experimental gentamicin nephrotoxicity: dissociation of peak serum levels from renal failure. J Infect Dis 1979;140:576-580.
143.Nostrandt AC, Pedersoli WM, Marshall AE, Ravis WR, Robertson BT. Ototoxic potential of gentamicin in ponis. Am J Vet Res 1991;52:494-498.
144.Sweeney RW, Divers TJ, Rossier Y. Disposition of gentamicin administered intravenously to horses with sepsis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1992;200:503-506.
145.Tobin T. Pharmacology review: streptomycin, gentamicin and the aminoglycoside antibiotics. J. Equine Med Surg 1978;4:206-212.
146.Riviere JE, Coppoc GL, Hinsman EJ, Carlton WW, Traver DS. Species-dependent gentamicin pharmacokinetics and nephrotoxicity in the young horse. Fund Appl Toxicol 1983;3:448-457.
147.Hinchcliff KW, Mcguirk SM, Macwilliams PS, Cooley AJ. Phenolsulfophthalein pharmacokinetics and renal morphological changes in adult pony mares with gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicosis. Am J Vet Res 1989;50:1848-1853.
148.Schumacher J, Duran S, Wilson R. The effect of diet on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in the horse. J Vet Intern Med 1989;3:136.
149.Spoo JW, Riviere JE. Chloramphenicol, macrolides, lincosamides, fluoroquinolones, and miscellaneous antibiotics. In: Adams HR, editor. Veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics. 7th ed. Ames (Io): Iowa State University Press, 1995:820-854.
150.Raisbeck MF, Holt GF, Osweiler GD. Lincomycin-associated colitis in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1981;179:362-363.
151.Vancustem PM, Babish JG, Schwark WS. The fluoroquinolone antimicrobials: structure, antimicrobial activity, pharmacokinetics, clinical use in domestic animals and toxicity. Cornell Vet 1990;80:173-186.
152.Langston VC, Sedrish S, Boothe DM. Disposition of single-dose oral enrofloxacin in the horse. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1996;19:316-319.
153.Mansmann RA. Antimicrobial therapy in horses. Vet Clin North Am 1975;5:81-97.
154.Gronwall R, Brown MP, Merritt AM, Stone HW. Body fluids concentrations and pharmacokinetics of chloramphenicol given to mares intravenously or by repeated dosage. Am J Vet Res 1986;47:2591-2595.
155.Page SW. Cloramphenicol 3. Clinical pharmacology of systemic use in the horse. Austr Vet J 1991;68:5-8.
156.Sweeney RW, Sweeney CR, Weiher J. Clinical use of metronidazole in horses: 200 cases (1984-1989). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1991;198:1045-1048.
157.Keck G. Toxicite et effets indesirables des anti-inflammatoires non-steroidiens. Etude des cas rapportes au CNITV (Centre National d’Informations Toxicologiques Veterinaires). Rec Méd Vét 1992;168:615-620.
158.Auer DE, Ng JC, Seawright AA. Superoxide production by stimulated equine polymorphonuclear leukocytes - inhibition by anti-inflammatory drugs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1990a;13:59-66.
159.Lees P, Higgins AJ. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutic uses of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the horse. Equine Vet J 1995;17:83-96.
160.Boothe DM. The analgesic-antipyretic-antiinflammatory drugs. In: Adams HR, editor. Veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics. 7th ed. Ames (Io): Iowa State University Press, 1995:432-449.
161.Lees P, May SA. Inflammation and anti-inflammatory drugs. In: Andrews AH, Blowey RW, Boyd H, Eddy RG, editors. Bovine medicine. Diseases and husbandry of cattle. Oxford (UK): Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1992:843-863.
162.Murray MJ. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs toxicity. In: Smith BP, editor. Large animal internal medicine. St. Louis (Mo): The C.V. Mosby Co., 1990;665-668.
163.Traub-Dargatz JL. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced ulcers. Proceedings of the 33rd. Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners; 1987 November 29 to December 2; New Orleans (Lo). Lexington (Ke): American Association of Equine Practitioners, 1988;129-132.
164.MacAllister CG, Taylor-Macallister C. Treating and preventing the adverse effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in horses. Vet Med 1994;89:241-246.
165.MacAllister CG, Morgan SJ, Borne AT, Pollet AR. Comparison of adverse effects of phenylbutazone, flunixin meglumine, and ketoprofen in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1993;202:71-77.
166.Samperio JC. Efectos de la administración crónica de dipirona sobre algunas constantes hematológicas en equinos (tesis de licenciatura). México (DF) México: Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. UNAM, 1985.
167.Hunt JM, Lees P, Edwards GB. Suspected non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug toxicity in a horse. Vet Rec 1985;117:581-582.
168.Skarda RT. Antagonist effects of atipemazole on epidurally administred detomidine-induced sedation analgesia and cardiopulmonary depression in horses. J Vet Anaesth 1991;Special Suppl:79-81.
169.Longo F, Autefage A, Bayle R, Keister M, Van Gool F. Efficacy of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, ketogen 10% (ketoprofen) in the treatment of colic in horses. J Equine Vet Sci 1992;12:311-315.
170.Galván JC. Usos terapéuticos y propiedades farmacológicas de la fenilbutazona en equinos. Estudio recapitulativo (tesis de licenciatura). México (DF) México: Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. UNAM, 1983.
171.Barragry TB. Veterinary drug therapy. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1994.
172.Kallings P. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1993;9:523-541.
173.Karcher LF, Dill SG, Anderson WI, King JM. Right dorsal colitis. J Vet Intern Med 1990;4:247-253.
174.Simmons TR, Gaughan EM, Ducharme NG, Dill SG, King JM, Anderson WI. Treatment of right dorsal ulcerative colitis in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1990;196:455-458.
175.Trailovic D, Litricin V, Trailovic R, Petrujkic T, Krstic V. Osvrt na neke stetne efekte fenilbutazona u sportskih konja. Vet Glasn 1989;43:635-639.
176.Meschter CL, Cummings JF, Krook L, Maylin GA. Phenylbutazone-induced microascular lesions in the gastric mucosa of horses. Toxic Pathol 1987;15:371-372.
177.Meschter CL, Gilbert M, Krook L, Maylin G, Corradino R. The effects of phenylbutazone on the morphology and prostaglandin concentrations of the pyloric mucosa of the equine stomach. Vet Pathol 1990;27:244-253.
178.Meschter CL, Krook L, Maylin GA. Phenylbutazone induced microvascular lesions in the gastrointestinal mucosa of horses. Equine Vet J 1989;7(Suppl):141.
179.Maitho TE, Lees P, Taylor JB. Absorption and pharmacokinetics of phenylbutazone in Welsh Mountain ponis. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1986;9:26-39.
180.Tobin T, Chay S, Kamerling S, Woods WE, Weckman TJ, Blake JW, Lees P. Phenylbutazone in the horse: a review. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1986;9:1-25.
181.Mcdonnell SM, Love CC, Pozor MA, Diehl NK. Phenylbutazone treatment in breeding stallions: preliminary evidence for no effect on semen or testicular size. Theriogenology 1992;37:1225-1232.
182.Macallister CG. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: their mechanism of action and clinical uses in horses. Vet Med 1994;89:237-240.
183.Crisman MV, Sams RA, Irby MH. The disposition of phenylbutazone in lactating mares and its effect on nursing foals. Proceedings of the 36th Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners; 1990 August 24-26; Lexington (Ke). Lexington (Ke): American Association of Equine Practitioners, 1990:127-131.
184.Crisman MV, Wilcke JR, Sams RA, Gerken DF. Concentrations of phenylbutazone and oxyfenbutazone in post-parturient mares and their neonatal foals. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1991;14:330-334.
185.Zicker SC, Brumbaugh GW. Effects of phenylbutazone on glucose tolerance and on secretion of insulin in healthy geldings. Am J Vet Res 1989;50:743-746.
186.Read WK. Renal medullary crest necrosis associated with phenylbutazone therapy in horses. Vet Pathol 1983;20:662-669.
187.Auer DE, Ng JC, Seawright AA. Copper salicylate and copper phenylbutazone as topically applied anti-inflammatory agents in the rat and horse. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1990;13:67-75.
188.Traub-Dargatz JL, Bertone JJ, Gould DH, Wrigley RH, Weiser MG, Forney SD. Chronic flunixin meglumine therapy in foals. Am J Vet Res 1988;49:7-12.
189.Geor RJ, Petrie L, Papich MG, Rousseaux C. The protective effects of sucralfate and ranitidine in foals experimentally intoxicated with phenylbutazone. Can J Vet Res 1989;53:231-238.
190.Held JP, Daniel GB. Use of nonimaging nuclear medicine techniques to assess the effect of flunixin meglumine on effective renal plasma flow and effective renal blood flow in healthy horses. Am J Vet Res 1991;52:1619-1621.
191.Carrick JB, Papich MG, Middleton DM, Naylor JM, Townsend HGG. Clinical and pathological effects of flunixin meglumine administration to neonatal foals. Can J Vet Res 1989;53:195-201.
192.Carrick JB, Papich MG, Middleton DM. Effets cliniques et anatomopathologiques de la flunixine meglumine dans le traitment de poulains nouveau-nes. Action Vét 1991;7(Suppl. 1186):10-12.
193.Helmy MM, Soliman FA, Ragab AM, Aggag BI. Effects of flunixin meglumine (Finadyne) on blood of horses in the treatment of some common inflammatory conditions. Egypt J Comp Pathol Clin 1991;4:113-133.
194.Longo F, Autefage A, Bayle R, Van Gool F. Efficacite de ketoprofene dans les affections musculo-squelettiques du cheval. Bull Mens Soc Vét Prat Fr 1990;74:349-364,366-367.
195.Gregoricka MJ, Sutherland SF, Dedrickson BJ, Busch KR. Assessment of the intramuscular administration of ketoprofen. Equine Pract 1990;12:15-22.
196.De Jong RH. 1995 Gaston Labat lecture. Ropivacaine. White knight or dark horse? Reg Anesth 1995;20:474-481.
197.Doonan GR, Brown CM, Mullaney TP, Brooks DB, Ulmanis EG, Slanker MR. Monensin poisoning in horses - an international incident. Can Vet J 1989;30:165-169.
198.Hanson LJ, Eisenbeis HG, Givens SG. Toxic effects of lasolacid in horses. Am J Vet Res 1981;42:456-461.
199.Novilla MN. The veterinary importance of the toxic syndrome induced by ionophores. Vet Hum Tox 1992;34:66-70.
200.Amend JF, Mallos FM, Wren WB, Ramos AS. Equine monensis toxicosis: some experimental clinicopathologic observations. Comp Cont Educ Pract Vet 1980;2:5173-5183.
201.Matsuoka T. Evaluation of monensin toxicity in the horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1976;169:1098-1100.
202.Buck WB, Osweiler GD, Van Gelder GA. Clinical and diagnostic veterinary toxicology. 3rd ed. Dubuque (Io): Kendall/Hunt, 1985.
203.Muylle E, Vandenhende C, Oyaert W, Thoonen H, Vlaeminck K. Delayed monensin sodium toxicity in horses. Equine Vet J 1981;13:107-108.
204.Di Pietro JA, Klei TR, French DD. Contemporary topics in equine parasitology. Comp Cont Edu Pract Vet 1990;12:713-716,718-721.
205.Bello TR. Controlled test evaluation of the benzimidazole anthelmintic VET 220-S alone or with trichlorfon treatment against naturally acquired gastrointestinal parasites in ponis. Am J Vet Res 1991;52:566-569.
206.Adams JG, Trim CM. Cardiovascular effects recorded in horses during anaesthesia after treatment with trichlorfon. Res Vet Sci 1989;47:164-169.
207.Auer DE, Seawright AA, Pollit CC, Williams G. Illness in horses following spraying with amitraz. Austr Vet J 1984;61:257-259.
208.Hugnet C, Cadoré JL. Toxicologie de l’amitraz chez le cheval. Prat Vet Equine, 1995;27:139-141.
209.Roberts MC, Argenzio A. Effects of amitraz, several opiate derivates and anticholonergic agents on intestinal transit in ponis. Equine Vet J 1986;18:256-260.
210.Roberts MC, Seawright AA. Amitraz induced large intestinal impaction in the horse. Aust Vet J 1979;55:553-554.
211.Smith SEG. Treatment of mange in horses. Vet Rec 1994;134:508.
212.Roberts MC, Seawright AA. Experimental studies of drug-induced impaction colic in the horse. Equine Vet J 1983;15:222-228.
213.Bhadwal MS, Singh J, Singh R. Treatment of equine trypanosomiasis. Centaur Mylapore, 1995;11:91.
214.Harkins JD, Carney JM, Tobin T. Clinical use and characteristics of the corticosteroids. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1993;9:543-562.
215.Mcdonnell AM, Watson ED. The effects of dexamethasone phosphate on mares with exprimentally-induced endometritis. J Equine Vet Sci 1993;13:202-206.
216.Mcilwraith CW. Diseases of joints, tendons and related structures. In: Stashak TS, editor. Adams’ lameness in horse. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1987:364-366.
217.Santisteban JM, Gómez-Villamandos R, Avila-Jurado I. Empleo preoperatorio de dexametasona 21-isonicotinato como profilaxis antiinflamatoria en caballos sometidos a diferentes intervenciones quirúrgicas. Med Vet 1994;11:481-488.
218.Cohen ND, Carter GK. Steroid hepatopathy in a horse with glucocorticoid-induced hyperadrenocorticism. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1992;200:1682-1684.
219.Fahmy LS, Hegazzy AA, Fahmy AS, El Hamied MAA, Shamaa AA, Schimke E. Comparison of corticosteroids and dimethylsulfoxide treatment in chemically induced arthritis in horses. Vet Med J Giza 1994;42:175-188.
220.O´Conner JT. The untowards effects of the corticosteroids in equine practice. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1968;153:1614-1617.
221.Slone DE, Purohit RC, Ganjam VK, Lowe JL. Sodium retention and cortisol (hydrocortisone) suppression caused by dexamethasone and triancinolone in equids. Am J Vet Res 1983;44:280-283.
222.Toutain PL, Brandon RA, De Pomyers H. Dexamethasone and prednisolone in the horse: pharmacokinetics and action on the adrenal gland. Am J Vet Res 1984;45:1750-1756.
223.Beech J. Tumors of the pituitary gland (pars intermedia) In: Robinson EN, editor. Current therapy in equine medicine. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co., 1987:182-185.
224.Hackett RP. Intra-articular use of corticosteroids in the horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1982;181:292-294.
225.Nizolek DJH, White KK. Corticosteroids and hialuronic acid treatments in equine degenerative joint disease. A review. Cornell Vet 1981;71:355-375.
226.Chunekamrai S, Krook LP, Lust G, Maylin GA. Changes in articular cartilage after intra-articular injections of metylprednisolone acetate in horses. Am J Vet Res 1989;50:1733-1741.
227.Trotter GW, Mcilwraith CW, Gabel AA, Nordin RW, Wrigley RH, Lamar CH. Effects of intra-articular administration of metylprednisolone acetate on normal equine articular cartilage. Am J Vet Res 1991;52:83-87.
228.Owen RR, Marsh JA, Hallet FR, Lumsden JH, Johnson J. Intra-articular corticosteroid and excercise-induced arthropathy in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1984;184:302-308.
229.Redhun WC, Hacker DV, Murphy CJ. Calcific band keratopathy in horses. Comp Cont Edu Equine Pract 1993;10:1402-1408.
230.Fregin GF. The equine electrocardiogram with standardized body and limb positions. Cornell Vet 1982;72:304-324.
231.Hilwing RW. Cardiac arrythmias in the horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1977;170:153-163.
232.Adams HR. Antiarrhythmic agents. In: Adams HR, editor. Veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics. 7th ed. Ames (Io): Iowa State University Press, 1995:482-500.
233.Bouckaert S, Voorspoels J, Vandenbossche G, Deprez P, Remon JP. Effect of drug formulation and feeding on the pharmacokinetics of orally administrated quinidine in the horse. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1994;17:275-278.
234.Bonagura JD, Muir WW. The cardiovascular system. In: Muir WW, Hubbell JAE, editors. Equine anesthesia. Monitoring and emergency therapy. St. Louis (Mo): Mosby Year Book, 1991:39-104.
235.Harding SA, Jones RM. Intercurrent medication. In: Aitkenhead AR, Jones RM, editors. Clinical anaesthesia. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1996:79-105.
236.Hilwig RW. Cardiac arrythmias. In. Robinson EN, editor. Current therapy in equine medicine. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co., 1987:152-163.
237.Mcguirk SM, Shaftoe S, Lunn DP. Diseases of the cardiovascular system. In: Smith BP, editor. Large animal internal medicine. St. Louis (Mo): The C.V. Mosby Co., 1990:454-488.
238.Reef VB, Reimer JM, Spencer PA. Treatment of atrial fibrillation in horses: new perspectives. J Vet Intern Med 1995;9:57-67.
239.Ellis EJ, Ravis WR, Malloy M, Duran SH, Smyth BG. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of procainamide in horses after intravenous administration. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1994;17:265-270.
240.Coyle JD, Lima JJ. Procainamide. In: Evans WE, Schentag JJ, Jusko WJ, Harrison H, editors. Applied pharmacokinetics. Spokane (Mo): Applied Therapeutics Inc., 1986:628-711.
241.Boothe DM. Drugs affecting the respiratory system. In: Adams HR, editor. Veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics. 7th ed. Ames (Io): Iowa State University Press, 1995:1091-1104.
242.Adams HR. Adrenergic agonists and antagonists. In: Adams HR, editor. Veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics. 7th ed. Ames (Io): Iowa State University Press, 1995:87-113.
243.Adams HR. Digitalis and vasodilator drugs. In: Adams HR, editor. Veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics. 7th ed. Ames (Io): Iowa State University Press, 1995:451-481.
244.Sumano LH, Navarro J, Gutierrez J. Lethal synergism between meperidine and fentanyl with propanolol and its reversal by naloxone. Joint Meeting of the Asociación Mexicana de Farmacología-West Pharmacology Society Texas; VII National Conference of Pharmacology; 1983 July 4-7; Puerto Vallarta (Jalisco) México. México (DF): Asociación Mexicana de Farmacología, 1983:123.
245.Staudacher G. Individual glycosid treatment by means of serum concentration determination in cardiac insufficency in horses. Berl Muench Tieraerzt Wchschft 1989;102:1-3.
246.Button C, Gross DR, Johnston JT, Yakatan GJ. Digoxin pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, efficacy, and dosage regimens in the horse. Am J Vet Res 1980;41:1388-1395.
247.Guthrie AJ, Killen VM, Mulders SG, Grosskopf JFW. Use of cardiopulmonary flow index to evaluate cardiac function in Thoroughbred horses. J South Afr Vet Assoc 1991;62:43-47.
248.Erichsen DF, Aviad AD, Schultz RH, Kennedy TJ. Clinical efficacy and safety of clenbuterol HCl when administred to effect in horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Equine Vet J 1994;26:331-336.
249.Muir WW. Cardiovascular effects of dopexamine HCl in conscious and halothane-anesthetised horses. Equine Vet J 1992;24(Suppl. 11):24-299.
250.Moore BR, Hinchcliff KW. Heparin: a review of its pharmacology and therapeutic use in horses. J Vet Int Med 1994;8:26-35.
251.Duncan S, Meyers K, Reed S. Reduction of the red blood cell mass of horses: toxic effect of heparin anticoagulant therapy. Am J Vet Res 1983;46:2175-2178.
252.Mahaffey E, Moore J. Erythrocyte agglutination associated with heparin treatment in three horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1986;189:1478-1480.
253.Messer NT, Johnson PJ. Idiopathic acute hepatic disease in horses: 12 cases (1982-1992). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1994;204:1934-1937.
254.Geimer TR, Ekström PM, Ludders JW, Short CE, Gleed RD. Cardiovascular effects of atropine in ponis. Vet Surg 1992;21:500-501.
255.Ducharme NG, Fubini SL. Gastrointestinal complications associated with the use of atropine in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1983;182:229-231.
256.Ehrhardt EE, Lowe JE. Observer variation in equine abdominal auscultation. Equine Vet J 1990;22:182-85.
257.McLaughlin SA, Whitley RD, Gilger BC. Ophthalmic atropine in horses: is colic a serious problem? Equine Vet Educ 1991;3:94-96.
258.Gustafson SB, Mcilwraith CW, Jones RL. Comparison of the effect of polysulfated glycosaminoglycan, corticosteroids, and sodium hyaluronate in the potentiation of a subinfective dose of Staphylococcus aureus in the midcarpal joint of horses. Am J Vet Res 1989;50:2014-2017.
259.Pell LH, Blythe LL, Lassen ED, Craig AM. Adverse effects of rapid intravenous DMSO administration in horses. J EquineVet Sci 1992;12:215-218.
260.Weiss DJ, Evanson OA, Geor RJ. The effects of furosemide and pentoxifylline on the flow properties of equine erythrocytes: in vitro studies. Vet Res Comm 1994;18:373-381.
261.Olsen SC, Coyne CP, Lowe BS, Pelletier N, Raub EM, Erickson HH. Influence of cytooxygenase inhibitors on furosemide induced hemodynamic effects during exercise in horses. Am J Vet Res 1992;53:1562-1567.
262.Harkins JD, Tobin T. Racing horses, nitroglycerin and exercise induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH). Equine Vet J 1995;27:240-241.
263.Harkins JD, Lawrence LM, Hintz HF. Effect of supplemental sodium bicarbonate on equine performance. Comp Cont Educ Pract Vet 1994;16:200-207.
264.Gossett KA, French DD, Cleghorn B. Blood biochemical response to sodium bicarbonate infusion during sublethal endotoxemia in ponis. Am J Vet Res 1990;51:1370-1374.
265.Snow DH, Munro CD, Nimmo M. Effects of nandrolone phenylpropionate in the horse. 2. General effects in animals undergoing training. Equine Vet J 1982;14:224-228.
266.Maher JM, Squires EL, Voss JL, Shideler RK. Effect of anabolic steroids on reproductive function of young mares. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1983;183:519-524.
267.Squires EL, Voss JL, Maher JM, Shideler RK. Fertility of young mares after long-term anabolic steroid treatment. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1985;186:583-587.
268.Snow DH. Anabolic steroids. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1993;9:563-576.
269.Blanchard TL. Some effects of anabolic steroids-especially in stallions. Comp Cont Edu Pract Vet 1982;7:372-380.
270.Errecalde JO, Button C, Mülders MSG. Some dynamic and toxic effects of theophylline in horses. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1985;8:320-327.
271.Schryver HF, Hintz HF. Vitamins. In: Robinson EN, editor. Current therapy in equine medicine. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co., 1987:405-412.
272.Harrington DD, Page EH. Acute vitamin D3 toxicosis in horses: case reports and experimental studies of the comparative toxicity of vitamins D2 and D3. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1983;182:1358-1369.
273.Divers TJ. Equine renal system. In: Smith BP, editor. Large animal internal medicine. St. Louis (Mo): The C.V. Mosby Co., 1990:872-887.
274.Divers TJ. Toxic diseases. In: Colahan PT, Mayhew IG, Merrit AM, Moore JN, editors. Equine medicine and surgery. Vol 2. 2nd ed. Goleta (Ca): American Veterinary Publications Inc., 1991:1553-1555.
275.Gray A. Suspected adverse reactions surveillance scheme for veterinary medicines (SARSS). Equine Vet Educ 1995;7:112-114.