Rangel FMS

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 55
Paginas: 173-180
Archivo PDF: 69.33 Kb.

RESUMEN

La frecuencia de sepsis se ha incrementado durante los últimos 20 años; en Estados Unidos, por ejemplo, ocurren alrededor de 500,000 casos de sepsis al año con una mortalidad aproximada de 35%. Y es probable que la incidencia de sepsis y del síndrome de sepsis se incremente aún más en los próximos años como resultado del creciente número de pacientes inmunocomprometidos, el arraigo del uso de dispositivos y procedimientos invasivos y el auge de las infecciones por microorganismos multirresistentes. El presente artículo revisa la epidemiología, los factores de riesgo, la microbiología y la mortalidad de la sepsis bacteriana.

REFERENCIAS (EN ESTE ARTÍCULO)

1. Bone RC. Sepsis syndrome: New insights into its pathogenesis and treatment. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1991;5:793-805.

2. Centers for Disease Control. Increase in national hospital discharge survey rates for septicemia - United States. 1979- 1987. MMWR 1990;39:31-34.

3. Parker MM, Parrillo JE. Septic shock: Hemodynamics and pathogenesis. JAMA 1983;250:3324-7.

4. Bone RC, Fisher CJ Jr, Clemmer TP, Slotman GJ, Metz CA, Balk RA. A controlled clinical trial of high-dose methylprednisolone in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med 1987;317:653-8.

5. Wenzel RP. Anti-endotoxin monoclonal antibodies: A second look. N Engl J Med 1992;326:1151-3.

6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Mortality Patterns-United States, 1990. Monthly Vital Statistics Rep 1993;41:45.

7. Wenzel RP. The mortality of hospital-acquired bloodstream infections: Need for a new vital statistic? Int J Epidemiol 1988;17:225-7.

8. Parrillo JE, Parker NN, Natanson C, et al. Septic shock in humans -advances in the understanding of pathogenesis, cardiovascular dysfunction and therapy. Ann Intern Med 1990;113:227-42.

9. Niederman MS, Fein AM. Sepsis syndrome, the adult respiratory distress syndrome, and nosocomial pneumonia: A common clinical consequence. Clin Chest Med 1990;11:633-56.

10. Bone RC, Fisher CJ Jr, Clemmer TP, Slotman GJ, Metz CA, Balk RA. Sepsis syndrome: A valid clinical entity. Crit Care Med 1989;17:389-93.

11. Bone RC. Sepsis, the sepsis syndrome, multi-organ failure: A plea for comparable definitions. Ann Intern Med 1991;114:332- 3.

12. American College of Chest Physicians- Society of Critical Care Medicine Consensus Conference. Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis. Crit Care Med 1992;20:864-75.

13. Rangel-Frausto MS, Pittet D, Costigan M, Hwang T, Davis CS, Wenzel RP. The natural history of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS): A prospective study. JAMA 1995;273:117-23.

14. Brun-Bruison C, Doyon F, Carlet, et al. Incidence, risk factors, and outcome of severe sepsis and septic shock in adults: A multicenter prospective study in intensive care units. JAMA 1995;274:968-74.

15. Kieft H, Hoepelman AIM, Zhou W, et al. The sepsis syndrome in a Dutch university hospital. Arch Intern Med 1993;153:2241- 7.

16. Pittet D, Rangel-Frausto S, Li N, Tarara D, Costigan M, et al. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome, sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock: Incidence, morbidities and outcomes in surgical ICU patients. Int Care Med 1995;21:302-9.

17. Rangel-Frausto S, Pittet D, Costigan M, et al. Risk factors for septic shock: A matched caso-control study. In: Proceeddings of the 35 th Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (ICAAC), San Francisco, CA 1995;abs J24.

18. Bates DW, Sands K, Miller E, Lanken PN, Hibberd PL, et al. Predicting bacteremia in patients with sepsis syndrome. J Infect Dis 1997;176:1538-51.

19. Peduzzi P, Shatney C, Sheagren J, et al. Predictors of bacteremia and gram-negative bacteremia in patients with sepsis. Arch Intern Med 1992;152:529-35.

20. Centers for Disease Control. National nosocomial infections study report. Annual summary, October 1975.

21. Centers for Disease Control. Nosocomial infections surveillance, 1980-82. CDC Surveillance Summaries 1983;32:1S-16S.

22. Centers for Disease Control. Nosocomial infections surveillance, 1983. CDC Surveillance Summaries 1984;33:9S-22S.

23. Schaberg DR, Culver DH, Gaynes RP. Major trends in the microbiology etiology of nosocomial infections. Am J Med 1991;91:72S-75S.

24. Gordon SM, Serkey JM, Keys TF, Ryan T, Fatica CA, et al. Secular trends in nosocomial bloodstream infections in a 55- bed cardiothoracis intensive care unit. Ann Thorac Surg 1998;65:95-100.

25. Archibald LK, den Dulk MO, Pallangyo KJ, Reller LB. Fatal Mycobacterium tuberculosis bloodstream infections in febrile hospitalized patients in Dar es Salam, Tanzania. Clin Infect Dis 1998;26:290-6.

26. Ponce-de-León-Rosales S, Molinar-Ramos F, Domínguez- Cherit G, Rangel-Frausto MS, Vázquez-Ramos VG. Prevalence of infections in intensive care units in Mexico (EPIC-Mexico)_ A multicenter study (personal communication).

27. Gatell JM, Trilla A, Latorre X, et al. Nosocomial bacteremia in a large Spanish teaching hospital: Analysis of factors influencing prognosis in 133 episodes. Rev Infect Dis 1988;10:629-35.

28. Bisbe J, Gatell JM, Ouig J, et al. Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia: Univariate and multivariate analyses of factors influencing prognosis in 133 episodes. Rev Infect Dis 1988;10:625-9.

29. Roberts FJ, Gere IW, Coldman A. A three year study of positive blood cultures, with emphasis on prognosis. Rev Infect Dis 1991;13:34-46.

30. Hilf M, Yu VL, Sharp J, et al. Antibiotic therapy for Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia: Outcome correlations in a prospective study of 200 patients. Am J Med 1989;87:540-6.

31. McGowan JE, Barnes MW, Finland M. Bacteremia at Boston City Hospital: Occurrence and mortality during 12 selected years (1935-1972), with special reference to hospital-acquired cases. J Infect Dis 1975;132:316-35.

32. Muder RR, Brennen C, Wagener MM, Goetz AM. Bacteremia in a long-term-care facility: A five-year prospective study of 163 consecutive episodes. Clin Infect Dis 1992;14:647-54.

33. Geerdes HF, Ziegler D, Lode H, et al. Septicemia 1n 980 patients al a university hospital in Berlin: Prospective studies during 4 selected years between 1979 and 1989. Clin Infect Dis 1992;15:991-1002.

34. Haug JB, Hathung S, Kalager T, Digranes A, Solberg CO. Bloostream infections a Norwegian university hospital, 1974- 1979 and 1988-1989: Changing etiology, clinical features, and outcome. Clin Infect Dis 1994;19:246-54.

35. Pittet D, Li N, Wenzel RP. Association of secondary and polimicrobial nosocomial bloodstream infections with higher mortality. Eur J Infect Dis 1993;12:813-9.

36. Pittet D, Thievant B, Wenzel RP, et al. Importance of preexisting co-morbidities for prognosis of septicemia in critically ill patients. Int Care Med 1993;19:265-72.

37. Towsend T, Wenzel RP. Nosocomial bloodstream infections in a newborn intensive care unit: A case-matched control study of morbidity, mortality, and risk. Am J Epidemiol 1981;114:73-80.

38. Landry SL, Kalser DL, Wenzel RP. Hospital stay and mortality attibuted to nosocomial enterococcal bacteremia: A controlled study. Am J Infect Control 1989;17:323-9.

39. Martin MA, Pfaller MA, Wenzel RP. Coagulase-negative Staphylococcal bacteremia. Ann Intern Med 1989;110:9-16.

40. Wey SB, Mori M, Pfaller MA, et al. Hospital-acquired candidemia: The attributable mortality and excess length of stay. Arch Intern Med 1988;148:2642-5.

41. Wey SB, Mori M, Pfaller MA, et al. Risk factors for hospitalacquired candidemia. Arch Intern Med 1989;149:2349-53.

42. Pittet D, Tarara D, Wenzel RP. Nosocomial bloodstream infection in critical ill patients: Excess lenght of stay, extra costs, and attributable mortality. JAMA 1994;271:1598-601.

43. Edmond MB, Ober JF, Weinbaum DL, Wenzel RP. Natural history and attributable morbidity and mortality of vancomycinresistant enterococcal bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis 1996;23:1234- 9.

44. Sasse KC, Nauenberg E, Long A, et al. Long-term survival after intensive care unit admission with sepsis. Crit Care Med 1995;23:1040-7.

45. Ziegler EJ, McCutchan JA, Fierer J, et al. Treatment of gramnegative bacteremia and shock with human antiserum to a mutant Escherichia coli. N Engl J Med 1982;307:1225-30.

46. Ziegler EJ, Fisher CJ Jr, Sprung CL, et al. Treatment of gramnegative bacteremia and septic shock with a HA-1 a human monoclonal antibody against endotoxin: A randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial. N Engl J Med 1991;324:429-36.

47. Greenman RL, Schein RMH, Martin MA, et al. A controlled clinical trial of E5 murine monoclonal IgM antibody to endotoxin in the treatment of gram-negative sepsis. JAMA 1991;266:1097- 102.

48. Fisher CJ Jr, Agosti JM, Opal SM, et al. Treatment of septic shock with the tumor necrosis factor: FC fusion protein. N Engl J Med 1996;334:1697-702.

49. Treatment of severe systemic inflammatory response syndromeand sepsis with a novel bradykinin antagonist, Delibant (CP- 0127): Results of a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. JAMA 1997;277:482-7.

50. Beck JR, Pauker SG. The Markov process in medical prognosis. Med Decis Making 1983;3:419-58.

51. Longini MI, Clark WS, Nyers RH, et al. Statistical analysis of the stages of HIV infection using a Markov model. Stat Med 1989;8:831-43.

52. Myers LE, Paulson DF, Berry, et al. A time-dependent statistical model which relates current clinical status to prognosis. Application to advanced prostatic cancer. J Chronic Dis 1980;33:491-9.

53. Gentleman RC, Lawles JF, Lindsey JC, Yan P. Multi-stateMarkov models for analyzing incomplete disease history data with for HIV disease. State Med 1994;13:805-21.

54. Rangel-Frausto MS, Pittet D, Costigan M, et al. The dynamics of disease progression in sepsis: Markov modeling describing the natural history and the likely impact of effective antisepsis agents. Clin Infect Dis 1988;27:185-90.

55. Bone RC. Immunologic dissonance: A continuing evolution in our understanding of the systemic inflammatory responsesyndrome (SIRS) and the multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). Ann Intern Med 1996;125:680-7.