medigraphic.com
Colegio de Medicina Interna de México.

2009, Número 2

<< Anterior Siguiente >>

Med Int Mex 2009; 25 (2)


Hígado graso no alcohólico: un encuadre didáctico para un problema latente. Segunda parte

Córdova PVH

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 66
Paginas: 129-153
Archivo PDF: 695.92 Kb.


RESUMEN

El hígado graso no alcohólico es una enfermedad poco reconocida pero con incremento en su frecuencia por su asociación con el síndrome metabólico, predominantemente con obesidad y diabetes mellitus. En México, cada día hay más enfermos que enfrentan cirrosis hepática y que, en su momento, tuvieron esta enfermedad sin recibir el diagnóstico adecuado, situación capaz de transformar su historia natural. Esta revisión busca definir la enfermedad, revelar sus causas, describir los mecanismos fisiopatológicos que la generan, establecer rutas diagnósticas, ofrecer diferentes abordajes terapéuticos y mencionar las complicaciones en la población adulta, mediante un exhaustivo análisis de bibliografías seleccionadas por un grupo de médicos con adiestramiento en metodología de la investigación, con la finalidad de ofrecer un documento final que contemple las aportaciones más relevantes del tema en los años recientes. Se estudiaron más de 900 citas bibliográficas y espacios electrónicos para, finalmente, incluir el material contenido sólo en 507 referencias. Al final sólo se presentan trabajos realizados por investigadores mexicanos y se anexan diversas sugerencias de los autores en cuanto al manejo dietético y farmacológico, en una experiencia en 97 enfermos tratados durante cuatro años.


REFERENCIAS (EN ESTE ARTÍCULO)

  1. Day CP, James FWJ. Steatohepatitis: a tale of two “hits”? Gastroenterology 1998; 114(4):842-5.

  2. Cinti S. The adipose organ. Milán: Editrice Kurtis, 1999.

  3. Fantuzzi G. Adipose tissue, adipokines, and inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 115(5):911-9.

  4. Halberg N, Wernstedt-Asterholm I, Scherer PE. The adipocyte as an endocrine cell. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2008; 37(3):753-68.

  5. Hirsch J, Knittle JL. Cellularity of obese and non-obese human adipose tissue. Fed Proc 1970; 29:1516-21.

  6. Bray GA. The underlying basis for obesity: relationship to cancer. J Nutr 2002; 132(11 Suppl):3451S-5S.

  7. Kelley DE, Thaete FL, Troost FM, Huwe T, et al. Subdivisions of subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue and insulin resistance. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2000; 278(5):E941-8.

  8. Miyazaki Y, Glass L, Triplitt C, Wajcberg E, et al. Abdominal fat distribution and peripheral and hepatic insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2002; 283(6):E1135-43.

  9. Nielsen S, Guo ZK, Johnson CM, Hensrud DD, et al. Splanchnic lipolysis in human obesity. J. Clin. Invest 2004; 113(11):1582-8.

  10. Sabir N, Sermez Y, Kazil S, Zencir M. Correlation of abdominal fat accumulation and liver steatosis: importance of ultrasonographic and anthropometric measurements. Eur J Ultrasound 2001; 14(2-3):121-8.

  11. Utzschneider KM, Kahn SE. The role of insulin resistance in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91(12):4753-61.

  12. Carr DB, Utzschneider KM, Hull RL, Kodama K, et al. Intraabdominal fat is a major determinant of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria for the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes 2004; 53(8):2087-94.

  13. Bradbury MW, Berk PD. Lipid metabolism in hepatic steatosis. Clin Liver Dis 2004; 8(3):639-71, xi.

  14. Charlton M, Sreekumar R, Rasmussen D, Lindor K, et al. Apolipoprotein synthesis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 2002; 35(4):898-904.

  15. Chalasani N, Vuppalanchi R, Raikwar NS, Deeg MA. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol- specific Phospholipase D in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a preliminary study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91(6):2279-85.

  16. Luyckx FH, Lefebvre PJ, Scheen AJ. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: association with obesity and insulin resistance, and influence of weight loss. Diabetes Metab 2000 ; 26(2):98-106.

  17. Donnelly KL, Smith CI, Schwarzenberg SJ, Jessurun J, et al. Sources of fatty acids stored in liver and secreted via lipoproteins in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Clin Invest 2005; 115(5):1343-51.

  18. Nakamuta M, Kohjima M, Morizono S, Kotoh K, et al. Evaluation of fatty acid metabolism-related gene expression in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Int J Mol Med 2005; 16(4):631–5.

  19. Bugianesi E, Zannoni C, Vanni E, Marzocchi R, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver and insulin resistance: a cause-effect relationship? Dig Liver Dis 2004; 36(3):165-73.

  20. Diehl AM. Tumor necrosis factor and its potential role in insulin resistance and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Liver Dis 2004; 8(3):619-38, x.

  21. Sanyal AJ, Campbell-Sargent C, Mirshahi F, Rizzo WB, et al. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: aAssociation of insulin resistance and mitochondrial abnormalities. Gastroenterology 2001; 120(5):1183-92.

  22. http://www.emedicine.com/med/TOPIC1173.HTM

  23. Haque M, Sanyal AJ. The metabolic abnormalities associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Gastroenterol 2002; 16(5):709-31.

  24. Seppälä-Lindroos A, Vehkavaara S, Häkkinen AM, Goto T, et al. Fat accumulation in the liver is associated with defects in insulin suppression of glucose production and serum free fatty acids independent of obesity in normal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87(7):3023-8.

  25. Yesilova Z, Ozata M, Oktenli C, Bagci S, et al. Increased acylation stimulating protein concentrations in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease are associated with insulin resistance. Am J Gastroenterol 2005; 100(4):842-9.

  26. Ravussin E, Smith SR. Increased fat intake, impaired fat oxidation, and failure of fat cell proliferation result in ectopic fat storage, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2002; 967:363-78.

  27. Arkan MC, Hevener AL, Greten FR, Maeda S, et al. IKK-B links inflammation to obesity induced insulin resistance. Nat Med 2005; 11(2):191-8.

  28. Yuan M, Konstantopoulos N, Lee J, Hansen L, et al. Reversal of obesity and diet induced insulin resistance with salicylateson targeted disruption of IKKB. Science 2001; 293(5535):1673- 7.

  29. Berson A, De Baco V, Lettéron P, Robin MA, et al. Steatohepatitis- inducing drugs cause mitochondrial dysfunction and lipid peroxidation in rat hepatocytes. Gastroneterology 1998; 114(4):764-74.

  30. Opara EC. Oxidative stress. Dis Mon 2006; 52(5):183-98.

  31. Tsimikas S. In vivo markers of oxidative stress and therapeutic interventions. Am J Cardiol 2008; 101(10A):34D-42D.

  32. Letteron P, Fromenty B, Terris B, Degott C, et al. Acute and chronic hepatic steatosis lead to in vivo lipid peroxidation in mice. J Hepatol 1996; 24(2):200-8.

  33. Pagano C, Soardo G, Pilon C, Milocco C, et al. Increased serum resistin in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is related to liver disease severity and not to insulin resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91(3):1081-6.

  34. Chen MP, Chung FM, Chang DM, Tsai JC, et al. Elevated plasma level of visfatin/pre-B cell colony-enhancing factor in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91(1):295-9.

  35. Suzuki M, Aoshiba K, Nagai A. Oxidative stress increases Fas ligand expression in endothelial cells. J Inflamm (Lond) 2006; 3:11.

  36. Feldstein AE, Canbay A, Angulo P, Taniai M, et al. Hepatocyte apoptosis and Fas expression are prominent features of human nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Gastroenterology 2003;25(2):437-43.

  37. Ip E, Farrell G, Hall P, Robertson G, et al. Administration of the potent PPARα agonist, Wy-14,643, reverses nutritional fibrosis and steatohepatitis in mice. Hepatology 2004; 39(5):1286-96.

  38. Chalasani N, Gorski C, Asghar MS, Asghar A, et al. Hepatic cytochrome P450 2E1 activity in nondiabetic patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 2003; 37(5):544- 50.

  39. Weltman MD, Farrell GC, Hall P, Ingelman-Sundberg M, et al. Hepatic cytochrome P450 2E1 is increased in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 1998; 27(1):128-33.

  40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=Sh owDetailView&TermToSearch=1579.

  41. Bajaj M, Suraamornkul S, Piper P, Hardies LJ, et al. Decreased plasma adiponectin concentrations are closely related to hepatic fat content and hepatic insulin resistance in pioglitazonetreated type 2 diabetic patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89(1):200-6.

  42. Hui JM, Hodge A, Farrell GC, Kench JG, et al. Beyond insulin resistance in NASH: TNF-a or adiponectin? Hepatology 2004; 40(1):46-54.

  43. Targher G, Bertolinia L, Zenari L. Hypoadiponectinemia is closely associated with nonalcoholic hepatic steatosis in obese subjects. Diabetes Care 2004; 27(9):2085-6.

  44. Bugianesi E, Pagotto U, Manini R, Vanni E, et al. Plasma adiponectin in nonalcoholic fatty liver is related to hepatic insulin resistance and hepatic fat content, not to liver disease severity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90(6):3498-504

  45. Promrat K, Lutchman G, Uwaifo GI, Freedman RJ, et al. A pilot study of pioglitazone treatment for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 2004; 39(1):188-96.

  46. Pagano C, Soardo G, Esposito W, Fallo F, et al. Plasma adiponectin is decreased in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Eur J Endocrinol 2005; 152(1):113-8.

  47. Petit JM, Minello A, Jooste V, Bour JB, et al. Decreased plasma adiponectin concentrations are closely related to steatosis in hepatitis C virus infected patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90(4):2240-3.

  48. Woods SC. The endocannabinoid system: mechanisms behind metabolic homeostasis and imbalance. Am J Med 2007; 120(2 Suppl 1):S9-17; discussion S29-32.

  49. Hukshorn CJ, Lindeman JHN, Toet KH, Saris WHM, et al. Leptin and the proinflammatory state associated with human obesity. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab 2004; 89(4):1773-8.

  50. Wong VW, Hui AY, Tsang SW, Chan JL, et al. Metabolic and adipokine profile of Chinese patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 4(9):1154- 61.

  51. Fujinami A, Obayashi H, Ohta K, Ichimura T, et al. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for circulating human resistin: resistin concentrations in normal subjects and patients with type 2 diabetes. Clin Chim Acta 2004; 339(1-2):57–63.

  52. Degawa-Yamauchi M, Bovenkerk JE, Juliar BE, Watson W, et al. Serum resistin (FIZZ3) protein is increased in obese humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88(11):5452–5.

  53. Vozarova de Courten B, Degawa-Yamauchi M, Considine RV, Tataranni PA.. High serum resistin is associated with an increase in adiposity but not a worsening of insulin resistance in Pima Indians. Diabetes 2004; 53(5):1279-84.

  54. Panidis D, Koliakos G, Kourtis A, Farmakiotis D, et al. Serum resistin levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2004; 81(2):361.6.

  55. Silha JV, Murphy LJ. Serum resistin (FIZZ3) protein is increased in obese humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89(4):1977-8.

  56. Youn BS, Yu KY, Park HJ, Lee NS, et al. Plasma resistin concentrations measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using a newly developed monoclonal antibody are elevated in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89(1):150-6.

  57. Zhang JL, Qin YW, Zheng X, Qiu JL, et al. Serum resistin level in essential hypertension patients with different glucose tolerance. Diabet Med 2003; 20(10):828-31.

  58. Silha JV, Krsek M, Skrha JV, Sucharda P, et al. Plasma resistin, adiponectin and leptin levels in lean and obese subjects: correlations with insulin resistance. Eur J Endocrinol 2003; 149(4):331-5.

  59. Bajaj M, Suraamornkul S, Hardies LJ, Pratipanawatr T, et al. Plasma resistin concentration, hepatic fat content, and hepatic and peripheral insulin resistance in pioglitazone-treated type II diabetic patients. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2004; 28(6):783-9.

  60. Perseghin G, Lattuada G, De Cobelli F, Ntali G, et al. Serum resistin and hepatic fat content in nondiabetic individuals. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91(12):5122-5.

  61. Pittas AG., Nandini A. Greenberg J, Greenberg AS. . Adipocytokines and insulin resistance. J Clin Endoc Metab 2004; 89(2):447-52.

  62. Borish LC, Steinke JW. Cytokines and chemokines. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003; 111(2 Suppl):S460-75.

  63. Contos MJ, Chodhury J, Mills AS, Sanyal AJ. The histologic spectrum of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Liver Dis 2004; 8(3):481-500, vii.

  64. Caldwell SH, Chang CY, Nakamoto RK, Krugner-Higby L. Mitochondria in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Liver Dis 2004; 8(3):595-617, x.

  65. Ozcan U, Cao Q, Yilmaz E, Lee AH, et al. Endoplasmic reticulum stress links obesity, insulin action, and type 2 diabetes. Science 2004; 306(5695):457-61.

  66. Brandão DF, Ramalho LN, Ramalho FS, Zucoloto S, et al. Liver cirrhosis and hepatic stellate cells. Acta Cir Bras 2006; 21 Suppl 1: 54-7.




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com