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Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán

2000, Número 1

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Rev Biomed 2000; 11 (1)


Dopamina: síntesis, liberación y receptores en el Sistema Nervioso Central

Bahena-Trujillo R, Flores G, Arias-Montaño JA

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 110
Paginas: 39-60
Archivo PDF: 117.00 Kb.


RESUMEN

La dopamina es el neurotransmisor catecolaminérgico más importante del Sistema Nervioso Central (SNC) de los mamíferos y participa en la regulación de diversas funciones como la conducta motora, la emotividad y la afectividad así como en la comunicación neuroendócrina. La dopamina se sintetiza a partir del aminoácido Ltirosina y existen mecanismos que regulan de manera muy precisa su síntesis y liberación. Las técnicas de clonación molecular han permitido la identificación de 5 tipos de receptores dopaminérgicos, todos ellos acoplados a proteínas G y divididos en dos familias farmacológicas denominadas D1 y D2. Los receptores de la familia D1 (subtipos D1 y D5) están acoplados a proteínas Gs y estimulan la formación de AMPc como principal mecanismo de transducción de señales. Los subtipos pertenecientes a la familia D2 (D2, D3 y D4) inhiben la formación de AMPc, activan canales de K+ y reducen la entrada de iones de Ca2+ a través de canales dependientes del voltaje, efectos mediados también por proteínas G (Gαi y Gαo). Los receptores dopaminérgicos se encuentran ampliamente distribuidos en diversas áreas del SNC (aunque de manera diferencial de acuerdo al subtipo) donde son responsables de las diversas acciones fisiológicas de la dopamina. El estudio de los sistemas y receptores dopaminérgicos del SNC ha generado gran interés, debido a que diversas alteraciones en la transmisión dopaminérgica han sido relacionadas, directa o indirectamente, con transtornos severos como la enfermedad de Parkinson y la esquizofrenia, así como con la adicción a drogas (anfetaminas y cocaína por ejemplo).


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