2001, Número 3
<< Anterior Siguiente >>
Rev Biomed 2001; 12 (3)
El Virus del Oeste del Nilo: un patógeno global reemergente.
Petersen LR, Roehrig JT
Idioma: Ingles.
Referencias bibliográficas: 52
Paginas: 208-216
Archivo PDF: 64.16 Kb.
RESUMEN
El reconocimiento del Virus del Oeste del Nilo (VON) en el hemisferio occidental en el verano de 1999 marcó la primera introducción en la historia reciente de un flavivirus del Viejo Mundo al Nuevo Mundo. VON, un miembro de la familia Flaviviradae (género Flavivirus), fue aislado inicialmente en el distrito del oeste del Nilo de Uganda. Desde su aislamiento original, han ocurrido brotes en humanos en forma infrecuente, siendo los más notables los de Israel (1951-1954 y 1957) y Sur África (1974). Sin embargo, desde los mediados de los noventa, tres tendencias epidemiológicas para el VON han emergido: 1) incremento en la frecuencia de brotes en humanos y caballos (Rumania 1996; Marruecos 1996; Turquía 1997; Italia 1998; Rusia, Estados Unidos de NA e Israel 1999; Israel, Francia y Estado Unidos de NA 2000; 2) un incremento aparente en la severidad de la enfermedad en humanos (infecciones humanas confirmadas en brotes recientes: Rumania, 393 casos; Rusia, 942; Estados Unidos de NA, 62 casos en 1999 y 21 en 2000; Israel, 2 casos en 1999 y 417 en 2000); y 3) altas tasas de mortandad en aves acompañando a brotes en humanos en Israel y Estados Unidos de NA. Los recientes brotes del VON se han acompañado por una aparente evolución de una variante viral nueva. El VON puede ser dividido genéticamente en dos linajes. Solamente miembros del linaje 1 WN han sido asociados con encefalitis humana. El linaje 1 WN se ha aislado en África, India, Europa, Asia y Norte América. El linaje 2 WN es mantenido en un foco enzootico en África y no se ha asociado con encefalitis humana. La relación genéticamente estrecha entre los VON aislados en Israel y Nueva York sugieren que el virus fue importado a Norte América del Medio Oriente. Los medios de esta introducción (pájaros infectados, mosquitos, humanos u otros huéspedes vertebrados) permanecen aún desconocidos. Un hallazgo importante en la epidemia inicial en humanos, en Nueva York, en 1999, fue el alto número de muertes de aves, en un brote epizoótico acompañante, particularmente cuervo s americanos (Corvus brachehynchos) y otros córvidos. En el año 2000, 14 especies de mosquitos en cinco estados de NA tenían evidencias de infección por el VON (por cultivo o amplificación de ácido nucleico). En el viejo Mundo, los mosquitos del género Culex son los principales vectores. Sin embargo, las especies más importante para la transmisión de humanos y caballos, aún no han sido definidas. Dado nuestro conocimiento incompleto y evolutivo del impacto ecológico y en la salud pública del VON en América, así como la eficacia de las medidas de control, el virus permanecerá como un importante reto de salud pública en la siguiente década.
REFERENCIAS (EN ESTE ARTÍCULO)
Asnis DS, Conetta R, Teixeira AA, Waldman G, Sampson BA. The West Nile Virus outbreak of 1999 in New York: the Flushing Hospital experience. Clin Infect Dis 2000;30:413-8.
Nash D, Mostashari F, Fine A, Miller J, O'Leary D, Murray K, et al. Outbreak of West Nile virus infection, New York City area, 1999. N Engl J Med 2001;344:1807-14.
Gubler DJ. Dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever in the Americas. P R Health Sci J 1987;6:107-11.
Gubler DJ, Clark GG. Dengue/dengue hemorrhagic fever: the emergence of a global health problem. Emerg Infect Dis 1995;1:55-7.
Gubler DJ. The global pandemic of dengue/dengue haemorrhagic fever: current status and prospects for the future. Ann Acad Med Singapore 1998;27:227-34.
Ritchie SA, Phillips D, Broom A, Mackenzie J, Poidinger M, van den Hurk A. Isolation of Japanese encephalitis virus from Culex annulirostris in Australia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1997;56:80-4.
Hanna JN, Ritchie SA, Phillips DA, Shield J, Bailey MC, Mackenzie JS, et al. An outbreak of Japanese encephalitis in the Torres Strait, Australia, 1995. Med J Aust 1996;165:256-60.
Hanna JN, Ritchie SA, Phillips DA, Lee JM, Hills SL, van den Hurk AF, et al. Japanese encephalitis in north Queensland, Australia, 1998. Med J Aust 1999;170:533-6.
Mackenzie JS, Broom AK, Hall RA, Johansen CA, Lindsay MD, Phillips DA, et al. Arboviruses in the Australian region, 1990 to 1998. Commun Dis Intell 1998;22:93-100.
Gubler DJ, Roehrig JT. Togaviridae and Flaviviridae. In: Collier L, Balows A, Sussman M, editors. Topley and Wilson's microbiology and microbial infections. London: Arnold Publishing; 1999. p. 579-600.
Smithburn KC, Hughes TP, Burke AW, Paul JH. A neurotropic virus isolated from the blood of a native of Uganda. Am J Trop Med 1940;20:471-92.
Heinz FX, Collett MS, Purcell RH, Gould EA, Howard CR, Houghton M, et al. Family: Flaviviridae. In: Van Regenmortel MHV, Fauquet CM, Bishop DHL, Carstens EB, Estes MK, Lemon SM, et al., editors. Virus taxonomy: classification and nomenclature of viruses. 7th Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. San Diego: Academic Press; 1999. p. 859-78.
Roehrig JT. Arboviruses. In: Specter S, Hodinka RL, Young SA, editors. Clinical virology manual. 3rd ed. Washington: American Society for Microbiology; 1999. p. 356-73.
Johnson DJ, Ostlund EN, Pedersen DD, Schmitt BJ. Detection of North American West Nile Virus in animal tissue by a reverse transcription-nested polymerase chain reaction assay. Emerg Infect Dis 2001;7. (This issue)
Lanciotti RS, Kerst AJ, Nasci RS, Godsey MS, Mitchell CJ, Savage HM, et al. Rapid detection of West Nile virus from human clinical specimens, field-collected mosquitoes, and avian samples by a TaqMan reverse transcriptase-PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol 2000;38:4066-71.
Briese T, Glass WG, Lipkin WI. Detection of West Nile virus sequences in cerebrospinal fluid. Lancet 2000;355:1614-5.
Nasci RS, Savage HM, White DF, Miller JR, Cropp BC, Godsey MS, et al. West Nile virus in overwintering Culex mosquitoes, New York City, 2000. Emerg Infect Dis 2001;7. (This issue)
Giladi M, Metzkor-Cotter E, Martin DA, Siegman- Igra Y, Korczyn AD, Rosso R, et al. West Nile encephalitis in Israel, 1999: The New York connection. Emerg Infect Dis 2001;7. (This issue)
Weinberger M, Pitlik SD, Gandacu D, Lang R, Nassar F, Ben David D, et al. West Nile fever outbreak, Israel, 2000: Epidemiologic aspects. Emerg Infect Dis 2001;7. (This issue)
Chowers MY, Lang R, Nassar F, Ben-David D, Giladi M, Rubinshtein E, et al. Clinical characteristics of the West Nile Fever outbreak, Israel, 2000. Emerg Infect Dis 2001;7. (This issue)
Murgue M, Murri S, Zientara S, Durand B, Durand J-P, Zeller H. West Nile outbreak in horses in Southern France, 2000: the return after 35 years. Emerg Infect Dis 2001;7. (This issue)
Weiss D, Carr D, Kellachan J, Tan C, Phillips M, Bresnitz E, et al. Clinical findings of West Nile virus infection in hospitalized patients, New York and New Jersey, 2000. Emerg Infect Dis 2001;7. (This issue)
Hub lek Z, Halouzka J. West Nile fever--a reemerging mosquito-borne viral disease in Europe. Emerg Infect Dis 1999;5:643-50.
Cernescu C, Ruta SM, Tardei G, Grancea C, Moldoveanu L, Spulbar E, et al. A high number of severe neurologic clinical forms during an epidemic of West Nile virus infection. Rom J Virol 1997;48:13-25.
Platonov AE, Shipulin GA, Shipulina OY, Tyutyunnik EN, Frolochkina TI, Lanciotti RS, et al. Outbreak of West Nile virus infection, Volgograd Region, Russia, 1999. Emerg Infect Dis 2001;7:128-32.
Scherret JH, Poidinger M, Mackenzie JS, Broom AK, Deubel V, Lipkin I, et al. The relationships between West Nile and Kunjin viruses. Emerg Infect Dis 2001;7. (This issue)
Berthet FX, Zeller HG, Drouet MT, Rauzier J, Digoutte JP, Deubel V. Extensive nucleotide changes and deletions within the envelope glycoprotein gene of Euro-African West Nile viruses. J Gen Virol 1997;78:2293-7.
Lanciotti RS, Roehrig JT, Deubel V, Smith J, Parker M, Steele K, et al. Origin of the West Nile virus responsible for an outbreak of encephalitis in the northeastern United States. Science 1999;286:2333-7.
Jia XY, Briese T, Jordan I, Rambaut A, Chi HC, Mackenzie JS, et al. Genetic analysis of West Nile New York 1999 encephalitis virus. Lancet 1999;354:1971-2.
Savage HM, Ceianu C, Nicolescu G, Karabatsos N, Lanciotti R, Vladimirescu A, et al. Entomologic and avian investigations of an epidemic of West Nile fever in Romania in 1996, with serologic and molecular characterization of a virus isolate from mosquitoes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1999;61:600-11.
Miller BR, Nasci RS, Godsey MS, Savage HM, Lutwama JJ, Lanciotti RS, et al. First field evidence for natural vertical transmission of West Nile virus in Culex univittatus complex mosquitoes from Rift Valley province, Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2000;62:240-6.
Ebel GD, Dupuis AP II, Ngo K, Nicholas D, Kauffman E, Jones SA, et al. Partial genetic characterization of West Nile virus strains, New York State, 2000. Emerg Infect Dis 2001;7. (This issue)
Hindiyeh M, Shulman LM, Mendelson E, Weiss L, Grossman Z, Bin H. Isolation and characterization of West Nile virus from the blood of viremic patients during the 2000 outbreak in Israel. Emerg Infect Dis 2001;7. (This issue)
Gubler DJ, Kuno G, Sather GE, Waterman SH. A case of natural concurrent human infection with two dengue viruses. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1985;34:170-3.
Eidson M, Komar N, Sorhage F, Nelson R, Talbot T, Mostashari F, et al. Crow deaths as a sentinel surveillance system for West Nile virus in the northeastern United States, 1999. Emerg Infect Dis 2001;7. (This issue)
Steele KE, Linn MJ, Schoepp RJ, Komar N, Geisbert TW, Manduca RM, et al. Pathology of fatal West Nile virus infections in native and exotic birds during the 1999 outbreak in New York City, New York. Vet Pathol 2000;37:208-24.
Work TH, Hurlbut HS, Taylor RM. Indigenous wild birds of the Nile Delta as potential West Nile virus circulating reservoirs. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1955;4:872-88.
Swayne DE, Beck JR, Smith CS, Shieh W-J, Zaki SR. Fatal encephalitis and myocarditis in young domestic geese (Anser anser domesticus) caused by West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 2001;7. (This issue)
Marfin AA, Petersen LR, Eidson M, Miller J, Hadler J, Farello C, et al. Widespread West Nile virus activity, eastern United States, 2000. Emerg Infect Dis 2001;7. (This issue)
Tsai TF, Popovici F, Cernescu C, Campbell GL, Nedelcu NI. West Nile encephalitis epidemic in southeastern Romania. Lancet 1998;352:767-71.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Serosurveys for West Nile virus infection--New York and Connecticut Counties, 2000. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2001;50:31-9.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Update: West Nile virus activity--Eastern United States, 2000. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2000;49:1044-7.
Mitchell CJ, Francy DB, Monath TP. Arthropod vectors. In: Monath TP, editor. St. Louis encephalitis. Washington: American Public Health Association; 1999. p. 313-79.
Andreadis TG, Anderson JF, Vossbrinck CR. Mosquito surveillance for West Nile virus in Connecticut, 2000: Isolation from Culex pipiens, Cx. restuans, Cx. salinarius, and Culiseta melanura. Emerg Infect Dis 2001;7. (This issue)
White DJ, Kramer LD, Backenson PB, Lukacik G, Johnson G, Oliver J, et al. Mosquito surveillance and polymerase chain reaction detection of West Nile virus, New York State. Emerg Infect Dis 2001;7. (This issue)
Kulasekera V, Kramer L, Nasci RS, Mostashari F, Cherry B, Trock SC, et al. West Nile virus infection in mosquitoes, birds, horses, and humans, Staten Island, New York, 2000. Emerg Infect Dis 2001;7. (This issue)
Han LL, Popovici F, Alexander JP, Laurentia V, Tengelsen LA, Cernescu C, et al. Risk factors for West Nile virus infection and meningoencephalitis, Romania, 1996. J Infect Dis 1999;179:230-3.
Reiter P. Weather, vector biology and arboviral recrudescence. In: Monath TP, editor. The arboviruses: epidemiology and ecology. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press; 1999. p. 245-55.
Reiter P. Climate change and mosquito-borne disease. Environ Health Perspect 2001;109:141-61.
Eidson M, Miller J, Kramer L, Cherry B, Hagiwara Y, West Nile Virus Bird Mortality Analysis Group. Dead crow densities and human cases of West Nile virus, New York State, 2000. Emerg Infect Dis 2001;7. (This issue)
Hadler J, Nelson R, McCarthy T, Andreadis T, Lis MJ, French R, et al. West Nile virus surveillance in Connecticut in 2000: An intense epizootic without high risk for severe human disease. Emerg Infect Dis 2001;7.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Epidemic/ epizootic West Nile virus in the United States: revised guidelines for surveillance, prevention and control. Available at URL: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/publications.htm