medigraphic.com
ISSN 0187-5337 (Impreso)
Instituto Nacional de Perinatología

2003, Número 4

<< Anterior Siguiente >>

Perinatol Reprod Hum 2003; 17 (4)


Anticoncepción de emergencia: de viejo secreto a derecho sexual y reproductivo

SchIavon-Ermania R

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 54
Paginas: 245-254
Archivo PDF: 147.45 Kb.


RESUMEN

La anticoncepción de emergencia (AE) se define como el uso de pastillas anticonceptivas de rutina en un plazo no mayor de 72 horas después de una relación sexual no protegida, de una falla anticonceptiva o de una violación. Esta metodología, relativamente antigua, pero poco conocida hasta la fecha, es efectiva en 75-85% de los casos. Es, además, segura, priva de contraindicaciones para su uso ocasional, sin efectos teratogénicos en caso de falla, económica, ampliamente aceptada y recomendada por las agencias sanitarias y las instituciones académicas internacionales. La AE actúa principalmente inhibiendo la ovulación; un supuesto mecanismo de acción antiimplantatorio, que ha desencadenado muchas controversias, no ha sido confirmado por las investigaciones clínicas más recientes. El derecho de las mujeres a tener acceso a este último recurso anticonceptivo se enmarca en la Constitución Mexicana y en los tratados internacionales. Más de 70 países alrededor del mundo, incluyendo 12 naciones de Latinoamérica, disponen en la actualidad de un producto registrado o han incluido la AE en sus manuales o normas de planificación familiar. México, tradicionalmente a la vanguardia en el terreno de la salud y de los derechos sexuales y reproductivos, espera el reconocimiento normativo y legal de esta noble opción anticonceptiva.


REFERENCIAS (EN ESTE ARTÍCULO)

  1. Trussell J, Stewart F, Guest F, Hatcher RA. Emergency contraceptive pills: a simple proposal to reduce unintended pregnancies. Fam Plann Perspect 1992; 24: 269-73.

  2. Bellagio Conference on Emergency Contraception (editorial). Consensus statement on emergency contraception. Contraception 1995; 52: 211-3.

  3. Hatcher RA, Trussell J, Stewart F, Howells S, Russell CR, Kowal D. Emergency Contraception: The Nation’s Best Kept Secret. Decatur GA: Bridging the Gap Communications, 1995.

  4. World Health Organization. Improving access to quality care in family planning. Medical eligibility criteria for initiating and continuing use of contraceptive methods. (doc. WHO/FRH/FPP/96.9) Geneva, Switzerland 1996 & 2000, 2° Edition.

  5. Van Look PFA, Stewart F. Emergency contraception. In: Hatcher RA, Trussell J, Stewart F, Cates W, Stewart GK, Guest F, Kowal D. Contraceptive technology: Seventeenth Revised Edition. New York: Ardent Media, 1998.

  6. Food and Drug Administration. Prescription drug products; certain combined oral contraceptives for use as postcoital emergency contraception. Federal Regist 1997; 62: 8610-12.

  7. Task Force on Postovulatory Methods of Fertility Regulation. Randomised controlled trial of levonorgestrel versus the Yuzpe regimen of combined oral contraceptives for emergency contraception. Lancet 1998; 352: 428-33.

  8. David HP. Born unwanted: Long-term developmental effects of denied abortion. J Social Issues 1992; 3: 163-81.

  9. Kubicka L, Matejcez Z, David HP, Dytrych Z, Miller WB, Roth Z. Children from unwanted pregnancies in Prague, Czech Republic revisited at age thirty. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1995; 91: 361-9.

  10. Shanks L, Ford N, Schull M, deKong K. Responding to rape. Lancet 2001; 357:304.

  11. WHO, UNFPA, UNHCR. Reproductive health in refugee situation; an inter-agency field manual. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Geneve, Switzerland, 1999: 36-46.

  12. Glasier A. Emergency postcoital contraception. N Engl J Med 1997; 337: 1058-64.

  13. 13.Webb A. How safe is the Yuzpe method of emergency contraception? Fert Control Rev 1995; 4: 16-8.

  14. Vasilakis C, Jick SS, Jick H. The risk of venous thromboembolism in users of postcoital contraceptive pills. Contraception 1999; 59: 79-83.

  15. 15.Webb A, Taberner D. Clotting factors after emergency contraception. Adv Contracept 1993; 9: 75-82.

  16. Raman-Wilms L, Tseng AL, Wighardt S, Einarson TR, Koren G. Fetal genital effects of first-trimester sex hormone exposure: a meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol 1995; 85: 141-9.

  17. Bracken MB. Oral contraception and congenital malformations in offspring: a review and meta-analysis of the prospective studies. Obstet Gynecol 1990; 76: 552-7.

  18. Simpson JL, Phillips OP. Spermicides, hormonal contraception and congenital malformations. Adv Contracept 1990; 6: 141-67.

  19. Trussell J, Ellertson C, Stewart F. The effectiveness of the Yuzpe regimen of emergency contraception. Fam Plann Perspect 1996; 28: 58-64.

  20. Trussell J, Rodríguez G, Ellertson C. New estimates of the effectiveness of the Yuzpe regimen of emergency contraception. Contraception 1998; 57: 363-9.

  21. Trussell J, Rodríguez G, Ellertson C. Updated estimates of the effectiveness of the Yuzpe regimen of emergency contraception. Contraception 1999; 59: 147-51.

  22. Von Hertzen H, Piaggio G, Ding J, Chen J et al. Low dose mifepristone and two regimens of levonorgestrel for emergency contraception: a WHO multicentre randomized trial. Lancet 2002; 360: 1803-10

  23. Piaggio G, von Hertzen H, Grimes DA, Van Look PFA. Timing of emergency contraception with levonorgestrel or the Yuzpe regimen. Lancet 1999; 353: 721.

  24. Wilcox AJ, Weinberg CR, Baird DD. Timing of sexual intercourse in relation to ovulation. Effects on the probability of conception, survival of the pregnancy and sex of the baby. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 1517-21.

  25. 25.Wilcox AJ, Baird DD, Weinberg CR. Time of implantation of the conceptus and loss of pregnancy. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 1796-99.

  26. OPRR Reports: Protection of human subjects. Code of Federal Regulations 45CFR 46, March 8, 1983.

  27. Hughes EC (ed), Committee on Terminology, The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Obstetric-Gynecologic Terminology. Philadelphia PA: F.A. Davis Company, 1972.

  28. FIGO Committee for the Ethical Aspects of Human Reproduction and Women’s Health. Definition of pregnancy. Cairo 1998.

  29. Statement on Contraceptive Methods, ACOG Document 7/1998.

  30. Dierschke DJ, Yamaji T, Karsch FJ, Weick RF, Weiss G, Knobil E. Blockade by progesterone of estrogen-induced LH and FSH release in the rhesus monkey. Endocrinology 1973; 92: 1496-1501.

  31. Ling WY, Robichaud A, Zayid I, Wrixon W, MacLeod SC. Mode of action of dlnorgestrel and ethinylestradiol combination in postcoital contraception. Fertil Steril 1979; 32: 297-302.

  32. Ling WY, Wrixon W, Acorn T, Wilson E, Collins J. Mode of action of dl-norgestrel and ethinylestradiol combination in postcoital contraception. III. Effect of preovulatory administration following the luteinizing hormone surge on ovarian steroidogenesis. Fertil Steril 1983; 40: 631-6.

  33. Rowlands S, Kubba AA, Guillebaud J, Bounds W. A possible mechanism of action of danazol and an ethinylestradiol/ norgestrel combination used as postcoital contraceptive agents. Contraception 1986; 33: 539-45.

  34. Durán SO, Durand CM, Ramos GM, Cravioto MC, Díaz-Sanchez V, Larrea F. Estudios sobre los efectos de la administración de levonorgestrel como anticonceptivo de emergencia en diferentes etapas del ciclo menstrual. Resumen de trabajo libre, XXXVIIIª Reunión Anual de la Sociedad Mexicana de Nutrición y Endocrinología. Rev Endoc Nutr 1998; (Supl. 3): 47.

  35. Yuzpe AA, Thurlow HJ, Ramzy I, Leyshon JI. Post coital contraception -a pilot study. J Reprod Med 1974; 13: 53-8.

  36. Ling WY, Wrixon W, Zayid I, Acorn T, Popat R, Wilson E. Mode of action of dlnorgestrel and ethinylestradiol combination in postcoital contraception. II. Effect of postovulatory administration on ovarian function and endometrium. Fertil Steril 1983; 39: 292-7.

  37. Kubba AA, White JO, Guillebaud J, Elder MG. The biochemistry of human endometrium after two regimens of postcoital contraception: a dl-norgestrel/ethinylestradiol combination or danazol. Fertil Steril 1986: 45: 512-6.

  38. Taskin O, Brown RW, Young DC, Poindexter AN, Wiehle RD. High doses of oral contraceptives do not alter endometrial a1 and anb3 integrins in the late implantation window. Fertil Steril 1994; 61: 850-5.

  39. Swahn ML, Westlund P, Johannisson E, Bygdeman M. Effect of post-coital contraceptive methods on the endometrium and the menstrual cycle. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1996; 75: 738-44.

  40. Raymond EG, Lovely LP, Chen-Mok M, Seppälä M, Kurman RJ, Lessey BA. Effect of the Yuzpe regimen of emergency contraception on markers of endometrial receptivity. Hum Reprod 2000; 15: 2351-5.

  41. Durand M, Cravioto MC, Raymond EG, Durán-Sánchez O, Cruz-Hinojosa MDL, Castell-Rodríguez A, Schiavon R, Larrea F. On the Mechanism of action of shortterm levonorgestrel administration in emergency contraception. Contraception 2001; 64: 227-34.

  42. Croxatto HB, Devoto L, Durand M, Ezcurra E, Larrea F, Nagle C, Ortiz ME, Vantman D, Vega M, von Hertzen H. Mechanism of action of hormonal preparations used for emergency contraception: a review of the literature. Contraception 2001; 63: 111-121.

  43. 43.World Health Organization. Emergency Contraception. Informal Briefing Note, Geneva, Switzerland March 1999.

  44. Cook RJ, Dickens BM, Ngwena C, Plata MI. The legal status of emergency contraception. Int J Obstet Gynecol 2001: 2, en prensa.

  45. Cook RJ. Where next with Human Rights and women’s reproductive and sexual health? Conferencia dictada en el Seminario sobre Género y Políticas de Salud, organizado por UNIFEM, Ciudad de México, 8 marzo 2001.

  46. Mota-Murguia MLA. Health policy-making in Mexico: The case of emergency contraception, Tesis de maestría (MSc in Health Economics and Health Policy, Reg. n° 311668) The University of Birmingham, UK, Septiembre 2000.

  47. Glasier A. Emergency contraception: time for deregulation? Br J Obstet Gynecol 1993; 100: 611-2.

  48. Ellertson C, Shochet T, Blanchard K, Trussel J. Emergency contraception: A review of the programmatic and social science literature. Contraception 2000; 61: 145-86.

  49. Langer A, Garcia-Barrios C, Schiavon R Emergency contraception in Mexico: what do policymakers, providers and potential users think and know about it? Contraception 1999; 60: 233-41.

  50. Heimburger A, Acevedo-García D, Schiavon R. Emergency contraception in Mexico City: knowledge, attitudes and practices among providers and potential clients after a 3-year introduction effort. Contraception 2002; 66: 321-9.

  51. Ellertson C, Heimburger A, Acevedo-García D. Information campaign and advocacy efforts to promote access to emergency contraception in Mexico. Contraception 2002; 66: 331-7.

  52. Shelton JD. Repeat emergency contraception: facing our fears. Contraception 2002; 66: 15-7.

  53. Grimes DA. Switching emergency contraception to over-the counter status. N Engl J Med 2002; 347: 846-9.

  54. Trussell J, Koenig J, Ellertson C, Stewart F. Preventing unintended pregnancy: the costeffectiveness of three methods of emergency contraception. Am J Public Health 1997; 87: 932-7.




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com