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Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública

2008, Número S2

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salud publica mex 2008; 50 (S2)


Discapacidad intelectual: definición, factores etiológicos, clasificación, diagnóstico, tratamiento y prognosis

Katz G, Lazcano-Ponce E

Idioma: Ingles.
Referencias bibliográficas: 58
Paginas: 132-141
Archivo PDF: 183.31 Kb.


RESUMEN

Etiología y clasificación: múltiples factores causales están relacionados con la discapacidad cognoscitiva y pueden clasificarse de la siguiente manera: genéticos, adquiridos, (congénitos y de desarrollo), ambientales y socioculturales. Del mismo modo, en cuanto a la clasificación, la discapacidad cognoscitiva tiene como común denominador un nivel de funcionamiento intelectual por debajo de lo normal; sin embargo, la medida en que una persona es incapaz de afrontar las demandas establecidas por la sociedad para su grupo de edad ha dado origen a cuatro grados de severidad: ligera, moderada, severa y profunda. Diagnóstico: el historial clínico debe hacer énfasis en el cuidado de la salud durante el periodo prenatal, perinatal y postnatal e incluir los resultados de todos los estudios previos, incluyendo un árbol genealógico de al menos tres generaciones y una búsqueda intencional de antecedentes familiares de retraso mental, enfermedades psiquiátricas y anomalías congénitas. El examen físico debe concentrarse en anomalías secundarias y en malformaciones congénitas, mediciones somatométricas, y evaluaciones del fenotipo neurológico y conductual. Si no es posible establecer un diagnóstico clínico, se deben hacer estudios citogenéticos de alta resolución en adición a las evaluaciones clínicas metabólicas. Si no se identifican datos anormales, el siguiente paso consiste en la evaluación de trastornos cromosómicos submicroscópicos. Prognosis: la discapacidad intelectual no es curable, sin embargo el prognóstico es bueno en términos generales cuando se usa como parámetro el bienestar emocional del individuo. Conclusiones: el tratamiento para discapacidad intelectual requiere de un enfoque amplio. Sin embargo, la tarea principal y quizás la única que tiene aplicación es la detección de las limitaciones y habilidades en función de la edad y expectativas para el futuro de la persona, con el único fin de proporcionar el apoyo necesario para cada una de las dimensiones o áreas en las que se expresa y expone la vida del individuo.


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