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2008, Número 4

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Arch Cardiol Mex 2008; 78 (4)


Tensión arterial y su asociación con factores de riesgo cardiovascular en adolescentes de México, D.F.

Juárez-Rojas JG, Cardoso-Saldaña GC, Posadas-Sánchez R, Medina-Urrutia AX, Yamamoto-Kimura L, Posadas-Romero C

Idioma: Ingles.
Referencias bibliográficas: 80
Paginas: 384-391
Archivo PDF: 135.05 Kb.


RESUMEN

Objective: To determine the prevalence of high blood pressure and associated cardiovascular risk factors in Mexican adolescents. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 770 male and 1076 female students (12 to 16 years old) from eight randomly selected high schools in Mexico City. Anthropometry, blood pressure and fasting lipids and lipoproteins were measured. Results: Blood pressure levels were adjusted for age, gender, and height. The prevalence rates of hypertension (systolic blood pressure (SBP) and/or diastolic (DBP) ³ 95th percentile), and pre-hypertension (SBP or DBP ³ 90th but ‹ 95th percentile) were 10.6 and 10%, respectively. Compared to normotensive subjects, those with high blood pressure showed a significantly higher prevalence of obesity, overweight, and dyslipidemia. A stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that waist (18.3%), Tanner stage (4.7%), age (2.1%), gender (0.6%), and body mass index (BMI, 0.3%) accounted for 26% of the variance in SBP; whereas BMI (8.7%), age (4.8%), Tanner stage (1.7%), waist (0.4%), and gender (0.4%) accounted for 15.9% of the variance in DBP. Conclusions: These results reveal a high prevalence of high blood pressure in adolescents living in Mexico City. Pre-hypertensive and hypertensive subjects showed a higher prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, suggesting that, as adults, these adolescents will be at a higher risk of developing cardiovascular disease.


REFERENCIAS (EN ESTE ARTÍCULO)

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  4. Berenson GS, Srinivasan SR, Bao W, Newman WP 3rd, Tracy RE, Wattigney WA: Association between multiple cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis in children and young adults. The Bogalusa Heart Study. N Engl J Med 1998; 338: 1650-6.

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  6. Bao W, Threefoot SA, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS: Essential hypertension predicted by tracking of elevated blood pressure from childhood to adulthood: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Am J Hypertens 1995; 8: 657-65.

  7. Haffner SM, Miettinen H, Gaskill SP, Stern MP: Metabolic precursors of hypertension. The San Antonio Heart Study. Arch Intern Med 1996; 156: 1994-2001.

  8. Sorof J, Daniels S: Obesity hypertension in children: a problem of epidemic proportions. Hypertension 2002; 40: 441-7.

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  24. Norero C, Vargas NA, Mayne D, Monti A, Kutz M, Saito R: Blood pressure levels in urban school-age population in Chile. Hypertension 1981; 3: 238-41.

  25. Ennis IL, Gende OA, Cingolani HE: Prevalence of hypertension in 3154 young students. Medicina (B. Aires) 1998; 58: 483-91.

  26. Uscategui Penuela RM, Alvarez Uribe MC, Laguado Salinas I, Soler Terranova W, Martinez Maluendas L, Arias Arteaga R, et al: Cardiovascular risk factors in children and teenagers aged 6-18 years old from Medellin (Colombia). An Pediatr (Barc) 2003; 58: 411-7.

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  29. Sinaiko AR: Hypertension in children. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 1968-73.

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  31. Freedman DS, Dietz WH, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS: The relation of overweight to cardiovascular risk factors among children and adolescents: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Pediatrics 1999; 103(6 Pt 1): 1175-82.

  32. Schmieder RE, Messerli FH, Ruddel H: Risks for arterial hypertension. Cardiol Clin 1986; 4: 57-66.

  33. Rosner B, Prineas R, Daniels SR, Loggie J: Blood pressure differences between blacks and whites in relation to body size among US children and adolescents. Am J Epidemiol 2000; 151: 1007-19.

  34. Sorof JM, Lai D, Turner J, Poffenbarger T, Portman RJ: Overweight, ethnicity, and the prevalence of hypertension in school-aged children. Pediatrics 2004; 113(3 Pt 1): 475-82.

  35. Gutin B, Owens S, Slavens G, Riggs S, Treiber F: Effect of physical training on heart-period variability in obese children. J Pediatr 1997; 130: 938-43.

  36. Tounian P, Aggoun Y, Dubern B, Varille V, Guy-Grand B, Sidi D, et al: Presence of increased stiffness of the common carotid artery and endothelial dysfunction in severely obese children: a prospective study. Lancet 2001; 358: 1400-4.

  37. Hergenroeder AC, Hill RB, Wong WW, Sangi-Haghpeykar H, Taylor W: Validity of self-assessment of pubertal maturation in African American and European American adolescents. J Adolesc Health 1999; 24: 201-5.

  38. Bonat S, Pathomvanich A, Keil MF, Field AE, Yanovski JA: Self-assessment of pubertal stage in overweight children. Pediatrics 2002; 110: 743-7.

  39. Duke PM, Litt IF, Gross RT: Adolescents’ self-assessment of sexual maturation. Pediatrics 1980; 66: 918-20.

  40. Brooks-Gunn J, Warren MP, Rosso J, Gargiulo J: Validity of self-report measures of girls’ pubertal status. Child Dev 1987; 58: 829-41.

  41. Kavey RE, Daniels SR, Lauer RM, Atkins DL, Hayman LL, Taubert K: American Heart Association. American Heart Association guidelines for primary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease beginning in childhood. Circulation 2003; 107: 1562-6.

  42. Williams CL, Hayman LL, Daniels SR, Robinson TN, Steinberger J, Paridon S, Bazzarre T: Cardiovascular health in childhood: A statement for health professionals from the Committee on Atherosclerosis, Hypertension, and Obesity in the Young (AHOY) of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, American Heart Association. Circulation 2002; 106: 143-60.

  43. Lara A, Rosas M, Pastelin G, Aguilar C, Attie F, Velazquez Monroy O: Hipercolesterolemia e hipertensión arterial en México. Consolidación urbana actual con obesidad, diabetes y tabaquismo. Arch Cardiol Mex 2004; 74: 231-45.

  44. Berenson GS, Srinivasan SR, Bao W, Newman WP 3rd, Tracy RE, Wattigney WA: Association between multiple cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis in children and young adults. The Bogalusa Heart Study. N Engl J Med 1998; 338: 1650-6.

  45. Newman WP 3rd, Freedman DS, Voors AW, Gard PD, Srinivasan SR, Cresanta JL, et al: Relation of serum lipoprotein levels and systolic blood pressure to early atherosclerosis. The Bogalusa Heart Study. N Engl J Med 1986; 314: 138-44.

  46. Bao W, Threefoot SA, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS: Essential hypertension predicted by tracking of elevated blood pressure from childhood to adulthood: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Am J Hypertens 1995; 8: 657-65.

  47. Haffner SM, Miettinen H, Gaskill SP, Stern MP: Metabolic precursors of hypertension. The San Antonio Heart Study. Arch Intern Med 1996; 156: 1994-2001.

  48. Sorof J, Daniels S: Obesity hypertension in children: a problem of epidemic proportions. Hypertension 2002; 40: 441-7.

  49. Boreham C, Savage JM, Primrose D, Cran G, Strain J: Coronary risk factors in schoolchildren. Arch Dis Child 1993; 68: 182-6.

  50. Michel U, Riechers B: Cardiovascular risk factors in schoolchildren. J Am Coll Nutr 1992; 11: 36S-40S.

  51. Elcarte Lopez R, Villa Elizaga I, Sada Goni J, Gasco Eguiluz M, Oyarzabal Irigoyen M, Sola Mateos A, et al: The Navarra study. Prevalence of arterial hypertension, hyperlipidemia and obesity in the infant-child population of Navarra. Association of risk factors. An Esp Pediatr 1993; 38: 428-36.

  52. Del Rio-Navarro BE, Velazquez-Monroy O, Sanchez-Castillo CP, Lara-Esqueda A, Berber A, Fanghanel G, et al: Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2000 Working Group, National Health Survey 2000. The high prevalence of overweight and obesity in Mexican children. Obes Res 2004; 12: 215-23.

  53. Rosas M, Pastelin G, Martinez-Reding J, Herrera-Acosta J, Attie F: Comité Institucional para el Estudio y Prevención de la Hipertensión Arterial Sistémica. [Hypertension guidelines in Mexico]. Arch Cardiol Mex 2004; 74: 134-57.

  54. Lorenzo C, Serrano-Rios M, Martinez-Larrad MT, Gabriel R, Williams K, Gonzalez-Villalpando C, et al: Prevalence of hypertension in Hispanic and non-Hispanic white populations. Hipertension 2002; 39: 203-8.

  55. Yamamoto-Kimura L, Posadas-Romero C, Posadas-Sanchez R, Zamora-Gonzalez J, Cardoso-Saldana G, Mendez Ramirez I: Prevalence and interrelations of cardiovascular risk factors in urban and rural Mexican adolescents. J Adolesc Health 2006; 38: 591-8.

  56. Kish L: Survey sampling, New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1965.

  57. Bewley BR, Day I, Ide L: Smoking by children in Great Britain. A review of the literature. Medical Research Council and Social Science Research Council, London, 1972.

  58. Salonen JT, Slater JS, Tuomilehto J, Rauhramee R: Leisure time and occupational physical activity. Risk of death from ischemic heart disease. Am J Epidemiol 1988; 127: 87-94.

  59. National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents: The Fourth Report on the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics 2004; 114 (Suppl 2): 555-76.

  60. Cole TJ, Bellizzi MC, Flegal KM, Dietz WH: Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: international survey. BMJ 2000; 320: 1240-3.

  61. DeLong DM, DeLong ER, Wood PD, Lippel K, Rifkind BM: A comparison of methods for the estimation of plasma low- and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The Lipid Research Clinics Prevalence Study. JAMA 1986; 256: 2372-7.

  62. Tanner JM: The Development of the reproductive system. In: Growth at Adolescence. (Tanner JM, ed.). Oxford. Blackwell Scientific. 1962; pp 28-39,

  63. Schmitz KE, Hovell MF, Nichols JF, Irvin VL, Keating K, Simon GM, et al: A Validation Study of Early Adolescents Pubertal Self-Assessments. Journal Early Adolescence 2004; 24: 357-84.

  64. Norero C, Vargas NA, Mayne D, Monti A, Kutz M, Saito R: Blood pressure levels in urban school-age population in Chile. Hypertension 1981; 3: 238-41.

  65. Ennis IL, Gende OA, Cingolani HE: Prevalence of hypertension in 3154 young students. Medicina (B. Aires) 1998; 58: 483-91.

  66. Uscategui Penuela RM, Alvarez Uribe MC, Laguado Salinas I, Soler Terranova W, Martinez Maluendas L, Arias Arteaga R, et al: Cardiovascular risk factors in children and teenagers aged 6-18 years old from Medellin (Colombia). An Pediatr (Barc) 2003; 58: 411-7.

  67. Singh AK, Maheshwari A, Sharma N, Anand K: Lifestyle associated risk factors in adolescents. Indian J Pediatr 2006; 73: 901-6.

  68. Ucar B, Kilic Z, Colak O, Oner S, Kalyoncu C: Coronary risk factors in Turkish schoolchildren: randomized cross-sectional study. Pediatr Int 2000; 42: 259-67.

  69. Sinaiko AR: Hypertension in children. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 1968-73.

  70. Update on the 1987 Task Force Report on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents: a working group report from the National High Blood Pressure Education Program. National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on Hypertension Control in Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics 1996; 98(4 Pt 1): 649-58.

  71. Freedman DS, Dietz WH, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS: The relation of overweight to cardiovascular risk factors among children and adolescents: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Pediatrics 1999; 103(6 Pt 1): 1175-82.

  72. Schmieder RE, Messerli FH, Ruddel H: Risks for arterial hypertension. Cardiol Clin 1986; 4: 57-66.

  73. Rosner B, Prineas R, Daniels SR, Loggie J: Blood pressure differences between blacks and whites in relation to body size among US children and adolescents. Am J Epidemiol 2000; 151: 1007-19.

  74. Sorof JM, Lai D, Turner J, Poffenbarger T, Portman RJ: Overweight, ethnicity, and the prevalence of hypertension in school-aged children. Pediatrics 2004; 113(3 Pt 1): 475-82.

  75. Gutin B, Owens S, Slavens G, Riggs S, Treiber F: Effect of physical training on heart-period variability in obese children. J Pediatr 1997; 130: 938-43.

  76. Tounian P, Aggoun Y, Dubern B, Varille V, Guy-Grand B, Sidi D, et al: Presence of increased stiffness of the common carotid artery and endothelial dysfunction in severely obese children: a prospective study. Lancet 2001; 358: 1400-4.

  77. Hergenroeder AC, Hill RB, Wong WW, Sangi-Haghpeykar H, Taylor W: Validity of self-assessment of pubertal maturation in African American and European American adolescents. J Adolesc Health 1999; 24: 201-5.

  78. Bonat S, Pathomvanich A, Keil MF, Field AE, Yanovski JA: Self-assessment of pubertal stage in overweight children. Pediatrics 2002; 110: 743-7.

  79. Duke PM, Litt IF, Gross RT: Adolescents’ self-assessment of sexual maturation. Pediatrics 1980; 66: 918-20.

  80. Brooks-Gunn J, Warren MP, Rosso J, Gargiulo J: Validity of self-report measures of girls’ pubertal status. Child Dev 1987; 58: 829-41.




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