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Boletín Médico del Hospital Infantil de México

2008, Número 6

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Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex 2008; 65 (6)


Los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria

Méndez JP, Vázquez-Velázquez V, García-García E

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 52
Paginas: 579-592
Archivo PDF: 164.63 Kb.


RESUMEN

Los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria constituyen alteraciones severas en la ingesta de los alimentos, en personas que presentan patrones distorsionados en el acto de comer en respuesta a un impulso psíquico. Este grupo de enfermedades engloba a varias entidades que varían grandemente, clasificándose en: anorexia nerviosa, “trastornos de la conducta alimentaria no especificados” y trastorno por atracón. Todas son más frecuentes en las mujeres e iniciándose generalmente durante la adolescencia siendo enfermedades crónicas. El origen preciso no ha podido ser dilucidado, proponiéndose diferentes teorías al respecto. La gran dificultad es que no existen tratamientos farmacológicos o nutricionales de eficacia demostrada, por lo que éstos se dan mediante grupos interdisciplinarios, basándose en psicoterapia, estrategias de apoyo durante el proceso psicoterapéutico y un programa psico-educativo, proceso que lleva meses o años. Estos grupos incluyen: psicólogos, psiquiatras, médicos internistas o endocrinólogos y nutriólogos. Observaciones clínicas han llevado a considerar que existe una serie de sobreposiciones entre la anorexia nerviosa y la obesidad. En algunos casos, el peso y las conductas alimentarias pueden cambiar en sus expresiones en el mismo individuo. Algunas adolescentes que presentaron obesidad importante, desarrollan conductas alimentarias purgativas severas, con lo que logran perder peso, desarrollando un cuadro clínico en todo compatible con bulimia nerviosa. Estas observaciones no pretenden ignorar las enormes diferencias fisiopatogénicas y clínicas que existen entre los distintos trastornos de la conducta alimentaria; su descripción trata de promover una percepción más dinámica de estos fenómenos. Una visión más flexible y dinámica resulta de gran utilidad para comprender y tratar estos padecimientos.


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