Garibay-Nieto N, Miranda-Lora AL

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 101
Paginas: 451-467
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RESUMEN

La “Programación in utero” se refiere a las adaptaciones fisiológicas o metabólicas que adquiere el feto en respuesta a un microambiente adverso con un pobre aporte de nutrimentos y oxígeno, o bien a un abastecimiento exagerado de los mismos que suceden en una etapa crítica del desarrollo estructural o funcional de ciertos órganos, y que influyen de manera permanente en las condiciones en las que el individuo se enfrentará a la vida extrauterina. En lo que respecta a obesidad, existen factores fetales y nutricionales que pueden programar al organismo y favorecer la acumulación de tejido adiposo, el escaso desarrollo del tejido muscular y las alteraciones cardiometabólicas relacionadas. Diabetes gestacional, preeclampsia, insuficiencia placentaria, hipertensión materna y sobrealimentación de la madre en el embarazo son factores de riesgo relacionados con el desarrollo de resistencia a la insulina, obesidad y diabetes mellitus en la vida postnatal. En cuanto a la “Programación nutricional” es reconocido que un crecimiento rápido y una sobrealimentación en etapas tempranas de la vida favorecen el desarrollo de obesidad en forma independiente al peso manifestado al nacer. Uno de los factores que más se ha estudiado en la programación nutricional es el efecto de la lactancia, y aunque los resultados son controversiales, es aceptado que debe favorecerse la alimentación con leche materna debido a los efectos benéficos a los que se relaciona, incluyendo la posible disminución del riesgo de obesidad.

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