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RESUMEN
Desde las primeras relaciones sobre los efectos de los eventos traumáticos causados por la guerra descritos por Abraham Kardiner, en 1941, se ha realizado una serie de estudios para describir de manera exacta la alteración psicobiológica crónica que produce el estrés (6). Con la introducción y la definición de los criterios diagnósticos del Trastorno de estrés postraumático (TPEP) en 1980, en el DSM III (1), se ha hecho una serie de estudios que apoyan la validez de la etiología y fenomenología típica de este trastorno (3, 44, 66, 104). En la cuarta reunión del Grupo de Consenso Internacional sobre Depresión y Ansiedad, llevada a cabo en Montecatini, Italia, en abril de 1999, se consideró que el TPEP contituyó el tema principal de ésta, dada su alta prevalencia, impacto social y carga financiera sobre la sociedad. En las últimas 3 décadas se han comenzando a establecer las directrices biológicas del trastorno; se empiezan a desarrollar así nuevos y efectivos tratamientos (4, 51).
El Trastorno de estrés postraumático es un trastorno crónico e incapacitante, para el cual sólo existen, hasta la fecha, tratamientos parcialmente efectivos (65). Un mejor conocimiento y profundización de las bases psicobiológicas de este trastorno puede constituir una herramienta de gran ayuda para liberar a los pacientes de sentimientos o comportamientos pertenecientes al pasado (67). Las bases biológicas de esta enfermedad representan las consecuencias a largo plazo de una falla del organismo para recuperarse de una situación traumática o las consecuencias biológicas que se producen en respuesta a recuerdos de sucesos que no están ocurriendo en tiempo real (111). Por su naturaleza, la biología de este trastorno es diferente de la biología del estrés, ya que se trata de un proceso que ocurre después de que la situación de estrés deja de estar físicamente presente (81). Por lo tanto, dos cuestiones fundamentales son conocer por qué se produce una falla del organismo a la hora de retornar al estado pretraumático y averiguar por qué algunos individuos consiguen la recuperación y otros no (111).
En el TPEP ocurren reacciones psicofisiológicas anormales, en dos niveles diferentes: 1. En respuesta a recuerdos específicos del evento traumático y 2. En respuesta a estímulos intensos pero neutrales, como los ruidos fuertes. Esto indica que las personas con TPEP sufren de una pérdida en la discriminación de estímulos (6, 53).
Concentraciones elevadas de esteroides suprarrenales tienen un efecto supresor sobre el sistema inmunitario y aquellos estresores que activan el sistema hipotálamo-hipofiso-adrenal pueden suprimir potencialmente ciertas actividades inmunitarias (81). Muchos pacientes con TPEP crónico presentan problemas físicos y alta incidencia en el uso de los servicios médicos (104). Se ha demostrado que la edad a la cual un evento traumático inicial se experimentó es un factor significativo para el desarrollo de TPET, por lo que las experiencias traumáticas en la infancia se asocian con un mayor riesgo y con síntomas más severos (12). Por lo tanto, el abuso físico o sexual, o ambos, en la infancia, se asocian con mayores índices de victimización en el adulto (90). La neuroimagen ha promovido un nuevo enfoque sobre los filtros neuronales involucrados en la interpretación de la información sensorial: las interacciones entre las partes del SNC que procesan e interpretan el significado de la información entrante, como la amígdala, el hipocampo, el cuerpo calloso, el cíngulo anterior y la corteza prefrontal (6).
En la actualidad existen pruebas que indican que la desregulación de los sistemas glutamatérgico, noradrenérgico, serotoninérgico y de determinados sistemas neuroendocrinos desempeña un papel fundamental en esta enfermedad (65).
Existen 3 aspectos para el manejo del TPEP: educación, tratamiento y/o apoyo psicosocial, y tratamiento psicofarmacológico (5). El profesional de la salud en general, cumple un rol educativo inmediato al entrar en contacto con pacientes que presentan este trastorno, al explicarle a la víctima cuál es la reacción de estrés normal al evento traumático. Dos procedimientos diferentes de terapia cognoscitiva conductual (TCC) han sido comúnmente empleados en este trastorno: la exposición y el manejo de la ansiedad (5, 42, 105). Los objetivos de la farmacoterapia son reducir la sintomatología del TPEP, reducir la incapacidad, mejorar la calidad de vida, mejorar la resistencia al estrés, y reducir la comorbilidad (5, 18, 26, 30, 68). Datos bien controlados muestran la eficacia clínica de los inhibidores selectivos de la recaptura de serotonina (ISRS) en el TPEP(16, 18, 26, 58, 68, 102). La FDA aprobó en febrero del 2000, la comercialización de sertralina en el tratamiento del TPEP. No existen estudios que apoyen la eficacia de las Benzodiazepinas (BZD) en el TPEP. Por el contrario, alguna evidencia sugiere que la condición clínica de los pacientes con TPEP se deteriora cuando son tratados con BZD: hay deterioro en el aprendizaje en una situación clínica y, además, síntomas molestos al suspenderlas (18, 26, 33).
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