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Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública

2002, Número 5

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salud publica mex 2002; 44 (5)


Consideraciones metodológicas para evaluar la calidad de vida

Velarde-Jurado E, Avila-Figueroa C

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 119
Paginas: 448-463
Archivo PDF: 83.07 Kb.


RESUMEN

Este trabajo hace una revisión sobre los aspectos metodológicos necesarios para evaluar la validez y consistencia de las escalas de medición de calidad de vida. La evaluación de la calidad de vida es sumamente importante, pero difícil de cuantificar objetivamente. La calidad de vida es un fenómeno que se afecta tanto por la enfermedad como por los efectos adversos del tratamiento. Las mediciones pueden estar basadas en encuestas directas a los pacientes, con referencia al inicio de la enfermedad, su diagnóstico y a los cambios de síntomas a través del tiempo. Debido a que la calidad de vida se basa en mediciones blandas con una carga variable de subjetividad, se requiere de métodos de evaluación válidos, reproducibles y confiables. Actualmente contamos con métodos objetivos que mediante cuestionarios generan escalas e índices que permiten medir las dimensiones que conforman el estado de salud. Los instrumentos para medir calidad de vida deben verse como herramientas adicionales del clínico en la evaluación integral del paciente, y en la conducción de ensayos clínicos. Los instrumentos para medir calidad de vida se clasifican en instrumentos genéricos y específicos. Los primeros son útiles para comparar diferentes poblaciones y padecimientos, pero tienen el riesgo de ser poco sensibles a los cambios clínicos, por lo cual su finalidad es meramente descriptiva. Los instrumentos específicos se basan en las características especiales de un determinado padecimiento, sobre todo para evaluar cambios físicos y efectos del tratamiento a través del tiempo. Estos nos dan mayor capacidad de discriminación y predicción, y son particularmente útiles para ensayos clínicos. Finalmente, se presenta un inventario de los instrumentos genéricos y específicos disponibles para evaluar la calidad de vida. Además se analizan los instrumentos en relación con su objetivo, dimensiones y función.


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