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Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública

2007, Número S2

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salud publica mex 2007; 49 (S2)


Tratamiento actual del tabaquismo

Regalado-Pineda J, Lara-Rivas G, Osio-Echánove J, Ramírez-Venegas A

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 69
Paginas: 270-279
Archivo PDF: 221.58 Kb.


RESUMEN

El tabaquismo es una afección médica de carácter crónico caracterizada por la adicción a la nicotina. El 70% de los fumadores desea dejar de fumar, aunque sólo 30% lo intenta en un año. A los fumadores motivados se les debe ofrecer alguno de los tratamientos disponibles. Dentro del tratamiento farmacológico se distinguen los compuestos sin nicotina y la terapia de reemplazo con nicotina (TRN). En el primer grupo destacan el tartrato de vareniclina y los medicamentos antidepresivos como bupropión y nortriptilina. Dentro de la TRN se encuentran los parches, goma de mascar, tabletas sublinguales y orales, dispositivo de inhalación oral y aerosol nasal. El tartrato de vareniclina es un agonista parcial de los receptores nicotínicos cerebrales α4β2 que reduce los síntomas de abstinencia, así como el deseo y urgencia por fumar. Los estudios muestran que vareniclina es superior a placebo (RM 3.22, IC95% 2.43-4.27) y también el bupropión (RM 1.66, IC95% 1.28-2.16). Todas las modalidades de TRN resultan efectivas (RM 1.78, IC95% 1.60-1.99) aunque, en casos particulares, alguna presentación puede resultar más conveniente. El potencial adictivo de los sustitutos de nicotina es menor que el del cigarrillo y además carece de los efectos tóxicos del humo. El bupropión estimula la función noradrenérgica y dopaminérgica y duplica la tasa de abstinencia en comparación con el parche de nicotina (RM 1.94, IC95% 1.72-2.19). La nortriptilina también se relaciona con aumento de las tasas de abstinencia (RM 2.34, IC95% 1.61-3.41). Otros tratamientos han mostrado cierta eficacia, entre los cuales destacan los bloqueadores de los receptores endocanabinoides, como el rimonabant. De los tratamientos no farmacológicos, el consejo médico es una herramienta útil, cuyo éxito puede ser de 2 a 4%, pero sólo 35% de los médicos lo aplican (RM 1.74, IC95% 1.48-2.05). La terapia psicológica de grupo permite modificar la percepción hacia el cigarrillo y sus efectos nocivos. El éxito con esta modalidad es de 20 a 35% al año (RM de 2.17, IC95% 1.42-3.45). Una de las desventajas es el tiempo que se invierte y el costo del tratamiento, que puede ser considerable. Finalmente, los materiales de autoayuda pueden incrementar el éxito (RM 1.24, IC95% 1.07-1.45). En resumen, en la actualidad se dispone de múltiples modalidades que han probado ser efectivas en el tratamiento para dejar de fumar, aunque el tratamiento se debe individualizar en cada caso.


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