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2004, Número 3

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Rev Inst Nal Enf Resp Mex 2004; 17 (3)


El miofibroblasto, una célula multifuncional en la patología pulmonar

Ramos AC, Becerril BC, Cisneros-Lira JG, Montaño RM

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 114
Paginas: 215-231
Archivo PDF: 155.59 Kb.


RESUMEN

Los miofibroblastos representan una subpoblación de fibroblastos con un fenotipo similar al de las células del músculo liso, debido a que expresan a-actina de músculo liso en su citoesqueleto, aunque también como subpoblación exhiben diferencias fenotípicas entre sí en diferentes órganos, su fisiología es semejante en los diferentes tejidos y órganos en que se encuentren. Con base en su amplio espectro de síntesis y secreción de moléculas, tales como citocinas, interleucinas, quimiocinas, factores del crecimiento, lípidos, diversos mediadores fisiológicos, moléculas de la matriz extracelular, MMPs y TIMPs, desempeñan una participación muy importante durante la embriogénesis, organogénesis, inflamación, reparación y cicatrización, siendo además fundamentales en los diferentes procesos de regeneración y reparación (fibrosis) que ocurren en los distintos órganos. En el caso del sistema respiratorio, los miofibroblastos son importantes, tanto en las vías aéreas como en el pulmón, participando fundamentalmente en los diversos procesos patogénicos, ya sea en enfermedades con un patrón degradativo como el enfisema, o bien, con un patrón reparativo con depósito excesivo de los diversos componentes de la matriz extracelular, tal como ocurre en la fibrosis pulmonar y el asma. Son especialmente importantes en las diferentes formas de fibrosis pulmonar ya sea de causa conocida o idiopática. Esta última, a semejanza del asma, parece restringirse fundamentalmente a zonas del tejido adyacente a epitelios alveolares dañado, donde se da una relación fisiopatogénica neumocito tipo II-miofibroblasto-fibroblasto. Los miofibroblastos se originan principalmente por transdiferenciación de fibroblastos y principalmente por estimulación del TGF-β1.


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