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ISSN 1665-3254 (Impreso)
Revista Oficial de la Universidad Biomédica Rafael Guízar y Valencia A. C.

2003, Número 2

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Plasticidad y Restauración Neurológica 2003; 2 (2)


¿Es posible la restauración cerebral? Mecanismos biológicos de la plasticidad neuronal

Aguilar RF

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 76
Paginas: 143-152
Archivo PDF: 182.15 Kb.


RESUMEN

La evidencia de recuperación funcional después del daño cerebral se conoce empíricamente desde hace varios siglos. La plasticidad cerebral se refiere a la capacidad adaptativa del sistema nervioso central para disminuir los efectos de lesiones, a través de cambios que modifican la estructura y la función tanto en su medio interno como externo. El conocimiento de las bases neurológicas funcionales y disfuncionales facilitan la comprensión de los cambios, lo cual ha permitido desarrollar procedimientos efectivos de rehabilitación. Los avances científicos han permitido conocer los mecanismos del daño neuronal secundario y desarrollar nueva tecnología para revertir estos procesos. Además este artículo revisa los mecanismos que se postulan en la reorganización de la función cerebral después de daño, tales como el desenmascaramiento, el desarrollo de receptores extrasinápticos, sinaptogénesis reactiva, factores tróficos, sinapsinas, neurotransmisores, etc. El daño neurológico se observa principalmente después del periodo prenatal, neonatal y en la niñez. En los adultos la plasticidad cerebral es menor comparada con los niños, sin embargo, los cambios plásticos ocurren a cualquier edad y las ganancias funcionales continúan por años después de la lesión. La expresión de plasticidad cerebral y la capacidad de la neuronas para cambiar su función, perfil químico, o su estructura son nuevos marcos conceptuales que contribuyen en la restauración cerebral.


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