medigraphic.com
Colegio de Medicina Interna de México.

2006, Número 3

<< Anterior Siguiente >>

Med Int Mex 2006; 22 (3)


Preeclampsia y disfunción endotelial. Bases fisiopatológicas

Duarte MJ, Díaz MS, Rubio GJ, Lee Eng CVE, Fernández PLY, Castro BJ, Ramos REM

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 80
Paginas: 220-230
Archivo PDF: 288.31 Kb.


RESUMEN

La preeclampsia afecta del 5 al 7% de las mujeres embarazadas. Una causa de la enfermedad es el defecto placentario. Actualmente existen progresos en el conocimiento de la vasculogénesis placentaria normal y de la fisiopatología de la preeclampsia. La tesis de que un factor placentario desencadena la preeclampsia está sustentada por muchas observaciones. En la génesis de la preeclampsia están implicadas distintas alteraciones, como: estrés oxidante alterado, incremento en la peroxidación de lípidos, reactividad anormal a vasopresores (como la angiotensina II) y vasorrelajación anormal dependiente del endotelio. Se revisaron los progresos recientes de la patogénesis de la preeclampsia y existen pruebas de que implica el desequilibrio entre factores proangiogénicos y antiangiogénicos que regulan la salud placentaria y endotelial sistémica.


REFERENCIAS (EN ESTE ARTÍCULO)

  1. Solomon C. Preeclampsia-searching for the cause. N Engl J Med 2004;350(7):641-2.

  2. Luttun A, Carmeliet P. Soluble VEGF receptor Flt1: the elusive preeclampsia factor discovered? J Clin Invest 2003;111:600-2.

  3. Sibai BM. Diagnosis and management of gestational hypertension and preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol 2003;102:181-92.

  4. Weissgerber TL, Wolfe LA, Davies GAL. The role of regular physical activity in preeclampsia prevention. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004;36(12):2024-31.

  5. Chappell LC, Seed PT, Briley A, et al. A longitudinal study of biochemical variables in women at risk of preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;187;127-36.

  6. Stahnkle E. Uber das verhalten der blutplattchen bei eklampsie. Zentral Gynak 1922;46:39.

  7. Pritchard JA, Weisman R Jr, Ratnoff OD, Vosburgh GJ. Intravascular hemolysis, thrombocytopenia, and other hematological abnormalities associated with severe toxemia of pregnancy. N Engl J Med 1954;250:89-91.

  8. Weinstein L. Syndrome of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count: a severe consequence of hypertension in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982;142:159-67.

  9. Roberts JM, Pearson GD, Cutler JA, Lindheimer MD. Summary of the NHLBI Working Group on Research on Hypertension During Pregnancy. Hypertens Pregnancy 2003;22:109-27.

  10. Hauth JC, Ewell MG, Levine RJ, et al. Pregnancy outcomes in healthy nulliparas who developed hypertension: Calcium for Preeclampsia Prevention Study Group. Obstet Gynecol 2000;95:24-28.

  11. Knuist M, Bonsel GJ, Zondervan HA, Treffers PE. Intensification of fetal and maternal surveillance in pregnant women with hypertensive disorders. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1998;61:127-33.

  12. Report of the National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000;183:S1-S22.

  13. Sharon E, Maynard JY, Merchan J, et al. Excess placental soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt1) may contribute to endothelial dysfunction, hypertension, and proteinuria in preeclampsia. J Clin Invest 2003;111:649-58.

  14. Buhimschi CS. Urinary angiogenic factors cluster hypertensive disorders and identify women with severe preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005;192:734-41.

  15. Fisher SJ, Roberts JM. Defects in placentation and placental perfusion. In: Linhheimer MD, Roberts JM, Cunningham FG, editors. Chesley’s Hypertensive Disorders in Pregnancy. 2nd ed. Stanford: Appleton & Lange, 1999;pp:377-94.

  16. Taylor RN, Roberts JM. Endothelial cell dysfunction. In: Linhheimer MD, Roberts JM, Cunningham FG, editors. Chesley’s hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. 2nd ed. Stanford: Appleton & Lange, 1999;pp:395-429.

  17. Joey P, Alexander BT, Llimas MT, Bennet WA, Khalil RA. Pathophysiology of hypertension during preeclampsia linking placental ischemia with endothelial dysfunction. Hypertension 2001;38[part 2]:718-22.

  18. Irwin DE, Savitz DA, St Andre KA, Hertzpicciotto I. Study of occupational risk factors for pregnancy-induced hypertension among active duty enlisted navy personnel. Am J Ind Med 1994;25:349-59.

  19. Redman CW, Sacks GP, Sargent IL. Preeclampsia: an excessive maternal inflammatory response to pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;180:499-506.

  20. Roberts JM, Lain KY. Recent insights into the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia. Placenta 2002;23:359-72.

  21. McKeeman GC. Soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (sFlt-1) is increased throughout gestation in patients who have preeclampsia develop. Am J Obst Gynecol 2004;191:1240-6.

  22. Chesley LC. History and epidemiology of preeclampsiaeclampsia. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1984;27:801-20.

  23. Marcoux S, Brisson J, Fabia J. The effect of leisure time physical activity on the risk of pre-eclampsia and gestational hypertension. J Epidemiol Community Health 1989;43:147-52.

  24. Wilson ML, Goodwin TM, Pan VL, Ingles SA. Molecular epidemiology of preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2003;58:39-66.

  25. O’Brien TE. Maternal body mass index and the risk of preeclampsia: a systematic overview. Epidemiology 2003;14:368-74.

  26. Sibai BM, Mercer BM, Schiff E, Friedman SA. Aggressive versus expectant management of severe preeclampsia at 28 to 32 weeks’ gestation: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994;171:818-22.

  27. Sibai BM, Taslimi M, Abdella TN, et al. Maternal and perinatal outcome of conservative management of severe preeclampsia in midtrimester. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985;152:32-37.

  28. Friedman SA, Schiff E, Kao L, Sibai BM. Neonatal outcome after preterm delivery for preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995;172:1785-8.

  29. Basso O, Christensen K, Olsen J. Higher risk of pre-eclampsia after change of partner. An effect of longer interpregnancy intervals? Epidemiology 2001;12:624-9.

  30. Roberts JM, Cooper DW. Pathogenesis and genetics of preeclampsia. Lancet 2001;357:53-56.

  31. Cross JC. Trophoblast function in normal and preeclamptic pregnancy. Fet Mat Med Rev 1996;8:57-66.

  32. Lachmeijer AM, Dekker GA, Pals G, et al. Searching for preeclampsia genes: The current position. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2002;105:94-113.

  33. Cross JC. The genetics of pre-eclampsia: a feto-placental or maternal problem? Clin Genet 2003;64:96-103.

  34. Richard J, Levine MD. Circulating angiogenic factors in preeclampsia. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2005;48(2):372-86.

  35. Zhou Y, Damsky CH, Chiu K, Roberts JM, Fisher SJ. Preeclampsia is associated with abnormal expression of adhesion molecules by invasive cytotrophoblasts. J Clin Invest 1993;91:950-60.

  36. Zhou Y, Fisher SJ, Janatpour M, et al. Human cytotrophoblasts adopt a vascular phenotype as they differentiate. A strategy for successful endovascular invasion? J Clin Invest 1997;99:2139-51.

  37. Zhou Y, Damsky CH, Fisher SJ. Preeclampsia is associated with failure of human cytotrophoblasts to mimic a vascular adhesion phenotype. One cause of defective endovascular invasion in this syndrome? J Clin Invest 1997;99:2152-64.

  38. Maynard SE, Venkatesha S, Thadhani R, Karumanchi SA. Soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 and endothelial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Pediatr Res 2005;57:1R-7R.

  39. Briones C. Medición de la fuga capilar en la preeclampsiaeclampsia. Cir Cirj 2000;68:194-7.

  40. Harris Birthright Research Center for Fetal Medicine and Department of Pathology, King’s College Hospital Medical School, London SE5 9RS, United Kingdom Placental Expression of Interferon-g (IFN-g) and Its Receptor IFN-gR2 fail to switch from early hypoxic to late normotensive development in preeclampsia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90:944-52.

  41. González-Quintero VH. Elevated plasma endothelial microparticles: Preeclampsia versus gestational hypertension. Am J Obst Gynecol 2004;191:1418-24.

  42. Wegmann TG, Lin H, Guilbert L, Mosmann TR. Bidirectional cytokine interactions in the maternal-fetal relationship: is successful pregnancy a TH2 phenomenon? Immunol Today 1993;14:353-6.

  43. Bernabei P, Coccia EM, Rigamonti L, et al. Interferon-receptor 2 expression as the deciding factor in human T, B, and myeloid cell proliferation or death. J Leukocyte Biol 2001;70:950-60.

  44. Bernabei P, Bosticardo M, Losana G, et al. IGF-1 down-regulates IFN-g R2 chain surface expression and desensitizes IFN-g/STAT-1 signaling in human T lymphocytes. Blood 2003;102:2933-9.

  45. Melillo G, Taylor LS, Brooks A, Cox GW, Varesio L. Regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in IFN-g-treated murine macrophages cultured under hypoxic conditions. J Immunol 1996;157:2638-44.

  46. Seligman SP, Nishiwaki T, Kadner SS, Dancis J, Finlay TH. Hypoxia stimulates ecNOS mRNA expression by differentiated human trophoblasts. Ann NY Acad Sci 1997;828:180-7.

  47. Many A, Hubel CA, Fisher SJ, Roberts JM, Zhou Y. Invasive cytotrophoblasts manifest evidence of oxidative stress in preeclampsia. Am J Pathol 2000;156:321-31.

  48. Chambers JC, Fusi L, Malik IS, et al. Association of maternal endothelial dysfunction with preeclampsia. JAMA 2001;285:1607-12.

  49. Ramsay JE, Stewart F, Greer IA, Sattar N. Microvascular dysfunction: a link between pre-eclampsia and maternal coronary heart disease. BJOG 2003;110:1029-31.

  50. Blaauw J, Graaff R. Abnormal endothelium-dependent microvascular reactivity in recently preeclamptic women. Obstet Gynecol 2005;105:626-32.

  51. Takata M. Differential blood flow in uterine, ophthalmic, and brachial arteries of preeclamptic women. Obstet Gynecol 2002;100:931-9.

  52. Roberts JM. Angiotensin-1 receptor autoantibodies: A role in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia? Circulation 2000;101:2335-7.

  53. Dechend R, Gratze P. Agonistic autoantibodies to the AT1 receptor in a transgenic rat model of preeclampsia. Hypertension 2005;45742-46.

  54. Morris RH, Vassaldi PI, Beller FK, McCluskey RT. Immunofluorescent studies of renal biopsies in the diagnosis of toxemia of pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1964;24:32-46.

  55. Strevens H, Wide-Swensson D, Hansen A, et al. Glomerular endotheliosis in normal pregnancy and pre-eclampsia. BJOG 2003;110:831-6.

  56. Shekhawat PS. Fetal fatty acid oxidation disorders, their effect on maternal health and neonatal outcome: impact of expanded newborn screening on their diagnosis and management. Pediatr Res 2005;57:78R-86R.

  57. Rinaldo P, Matern D, Bennett MJ. Fatty acid oxidation disorders. Annu Rev Physiol 2002;64:477-502

  58. Bennett MJ, Rinaldo P, Strauss AW. Inborn errors of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2000;37:1-44.

  59. Preece MA, Green A. Pregnancy and inherited metabolic disorders: maternal and fetal complications. Ann Clin Biochem 2002;39:444-55.

  60. Knopp RH, Warth MR, Charles D, et al. Lipoprotein metabolism in pregnancy, fat transport to the fetus, and the effects of diabetes. Biol Neonate 1986;50:297-317.

  61. Tyni T, Ekholm E, Pihko H. Pregnancy complications are frequent in long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998;178:603-8.

  62. Ibdah JA, Bennett MJ, Rinaldo P, et al. A fetal fatty-acid oxidation disorder as a cause of liver disease in pregnant women. N Engl J Med 1999;340:1723-31.

  63. Ruiz-Larrea MB, Martin C, Martinez R, et al. Antioxidant activities of estrogens against aqueous and lipophilic radicals: differences between phenol and catechol estrogens. Chem Phys Lipids 2000;105:179-88.

  64. Rosenfeld CR, White RE, Roy T, Cox BE. Calcium-activated potassium channels and nitric oxide coregulate estrogen-induced vasodilation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2000;279: H319-28.

  65. Svedas E, Nisell H. Endothelial dysfunction in uterine circulation in preeclampsia: Can estrogens improve it? Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;187:1608-16.

  66. Rupnow HL, Phernetton TM, Shaw CE, et al. Endothelial vasodilator production by uterine and systemic arteries: VII, estrogen and progesterone effects on eNOS. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2001;280:1699-705.

  67. Vagnoni KE, Shaw CE, Phernetton TM, et al. Endothelial vasodilator production by uterine and systemic arteries, III: ovarian and estrogen effects on NO synthase. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 1998;275:1845- 56.

  68. Spinnato J, Jeffrey C. Livingston MD. Prevention of preeclampsia with antioxidants: evidence from randomized trials. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2005;48(2):416-29.

  69. Walker JJ. Pre-eclampsia. Lancet 2000;356:1260-5.

  70. Cockell AP, Learmont JG, Smarason AK, et al. Human placental syncytiotrophoblast microvillous membranes impair maternal vascular endothelial function. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1997;104:235-40.

  71. Maynard, SE, Min JY, Merchan J, et al. Excess placental soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt1) may contribute to endothelial dysfunction, hypertension, and proteinuria in preeclampsia. J Clin Invest 2003;111:649-58.

  72. Ness RB, Hubel CA. Angiogenesis and insulin resistance after preeclampsia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89(12):6239-43.

  73. Holzgreve W, Ghezzi F, Di Naro E, et al. Disturbed fetomaternal cell traffic in preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol 1998;91:669-72.

  74. Page NM, Woods RJ, Gardiner SM, et al. Excessive placental secretion of neurokinin B during the third trimester causes preeclampsia. Nature 2000;405:797-800.

  75. Zhou Y, McMaster M, Woo K, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor ligands and receptors that regulate human cytotrophoblast survival are dysregulated in severe preeclampsia and hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets syndrome. Am J Pathol 2002;160:1405-23.

  76. Koga K, Osuga Y, Yoshino O, et al. Elevated serum soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (sVEGFR-1) levels in women with preeclampsia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:2348-51.

  77. Tsatsaris V, Goffin F, Munaut C, et al. Overexpression of the soluble vascular endothelial growth factor in preeclamptic patients: pathophysiological consequences. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:5555-63.

  78. Polliotti BM, Fry AG, Saller DN, et al. Second-trimester maternal serum placental growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor for predicting severe, early-onset preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol 2003;101:1266-74.

  79. Taylor RN, Grimwood J, Taylor RS, et al. Longitudinal serum concentrations of placental growth factor: evidence for abnormal placental angiogenesis in pathologic pregnancies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;188:177-82.

  80. Levine RJ, Maynard SE. Circulating angiogenic factors and the risk of preeclampsia. N Engl J Med 2004;350:672-83.




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com