Posada AE, Arango AMF

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 75
Paginas: 105-113
Archivo PDF: 80.22 Kb.

RESUMEN

El trauma de cráneo ha mostrado un aumento en su incidencia en las últimas décadas, afectando de manera más importante a la población joven y en edad productiva. Está asociado a los accidentes de tránsito y a la violencia urbana. Sus consecuencias neurológicas muchas veces catastróficas han hecho que cada día se realicen mayores esfuerzos que conduzcan a tratamientos óptimos. Así mismo, el anestesiólogo se ve involucrado con más frecuencia en el manejo de estos pacientes que no pocas veces tienen asociados otros traumas además del trauma encefalocraneano, lo que hace necesario un manejo quirúrgico multidisciplinario. Un conocimiento claro de la fisiopatología y un manejo anestésico adecuado pueden impactar de manera positiva en el pronóstico neurológico de estos pacientes. Se realizó una revisión del manejo anestésico en los pacientes con trauma de cráneo haciendo referencia a los métodos de intervención y uso de medicamentos más soportados por la evidencia actual.

REFERENCIAS (EN ESTE ARTÍCULO)

1. Marion DW, Spiegel TP. Changes in the management of severe traumatic brain injury: 1991-1997. Crit Care Med 2000;28:16-8.

2. Marik PE, Varon J, Trask T. Management of head trauma. Chest 2002;122:699-711.

3. McClain C, Cohen D, Phillips R, Ott L, Young B. Increased plasma and ventricular fluid interleukin-6 levels in patients with head injury. J Lab Clin Med 1991;118:225-31.

4. Jones PA, Andrews PJ, Midgley S, Anderson SI, Piper IR, Tocher JL, et al. Measuring the burden of secondary insults in head-injured patients during intensive care. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 1994;6:4-14.

5. Hortnagl H, Hammerle AF, Hackl JM, Brucke T, Rumpl E, Hortnagl H. The activity of the sympathetic nervous system following severe head injury. Intensive Care Med 1980;6:169-7.

6. Andrew MJ, Shapiro MJ, Synger M, Suler PM. Oxford TextBoook of critical Care. Head Injury 1999: 747-750.

7. Albin MS. The textbook of neuroanesthesia with neurosurgical and neuroscience perspectives. 1° edition, 26-36. 1997. The Mac Graw Hill Companies.

8. Asgeirsson B, Grande PO, Nordstrom CH. A new therapy of post-trauma brain oedema based on haemodynamic principles for brain volume regulation. Intensive Care Med 1994;20:260-7.

9. Schalen W, Messeter K, Nordstrom CH. Cerebral vasoreactivity and the prediction of outcome in severe traumatic brain lesions. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1991;35:113-22.

10. Clark RS, Carcillo JA, Kochanek PM, Obrist WD, Jackson EK, Mi Z, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid adenosine concentration and uncoupling of cerebral blood flow and oxidative metabolism after severe head injury in humans. Neurosurgery 1997;41:1284-92discussion.

11. Hortnagl H, Hammerle AF, Hackl JM, Brucke T, Rumpl E, Hortnagl H. The activity of the sympathetic nervous system following severe head injury. Intensive Care Med 1980;6:169-7.

12. The Brain Trauma Foundation. The American Association of Neurological Surgeons. The Joint Section on Neurotrauma and Critical Care. Trauma systems. J Neurotrauma 2000;17:457-62.

13. Schalen W, Messeter K, Nordstrom CH. Cerebral vasoreactivity and the prediction of outcome in severe traumatic brain lesions. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1991;35:113 -22.

14. Thompson HJ, Tkacs NC, Saatman KE, Raghupathi R, McIntosh TK. Hyperthermia following traumatic brain injury: a critical evaluation. Neurobiol Dis 2003;12:163-73.

15. Cairns CJ, Andrews PJ. Management of hyperthermia in traumatic brain injury. Curr Opin Crit Care 2002;8:106-10.

16. Hortnagl H, Hammerle AF, Hackl JM, Brucke T, Rumpl E, Hortnagl H. The activity of the sympathetic nervous system following severe head injury. Intensive Care Med 1980;6:169-7.

17. Clifton GL, Ziegler MG, Grossman RG. Circulating catecholamines and sympathetic activity after head injury. Neurosurgery 1981;8:10-4.

18. Young B, Ott L, Dempsey R, Haack D, Tibbs P. Relationship between admission hyperglycemia and neurologic outcome of severely brain-injured patients. Ann Surg 1989;210:466-72discussion.

19. Rosner MJ, Newsome HH, Becker DP. Mechanical brain injury: the sympathoadrenal response. J Neurosurg 1984;61:76-86.

20. Lam AM, Winn HR, Cullen BF, Sundling N. Hyperglycemia and neurological outcome in patients with head injury. J Neurosurg 1991;75:545 -51.

21. 21, Marshall LF, Marshall SB, Klauber MR, Van Berkum CM, Eisenberg H, Jane JA, et al. The diagnosis of head injury requires a classification based on computed axial tomography. J Neurotrauma 1992;9Suppl 1:S287-92.

22. Chesnut RM. Avoidance of hypotension: condition sine qua non of successful severe head-injury management. J Trauma 1997;42:S4-9.

23. Bullock R. Mannitol and other diuretics in severe neurotrauma. New Horiz 1995;3:448-52.

24. Proug DS. Management of head trauma. 56th annual refresher courses lectures and basic science reviews. 2005. Ref Type: Generic.

25. Schneider RE. Sedatives and induction agents in emergency airway management. 1° edition. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2000 Ref Type: Generic.

26. Turkstra TP, Craen RA, Pelz DM, Gelb AW. Cervical spine motion: a fluoroscopic comparison during intubation with lighted stylet, GlideScope, and Macintosh laryngoscope. Anesth Analg 2005;101:910 -5, table of contents:table.

27. Hastings RH, Marks JD. Airway management for trauma patients with potential cervical spine injuries. Anesth Analg 1991;73:471-82.

28. Turkstra TP, Craen RA, Pelz DM, Gelb AW. Cervical spine motion: a fluoroscopic comparison during intubation with lighted stylet, GlideScope, and Macintosh laryngoscope. Anesth Analg 2005;101:910-5, table of contents:table.

29. Crosby ET. Tracheal intubation in the cervical spine-injured patient. Can J Anaesth 1992;39:105-9.

30. Brimacombe JR, Berry AM. Cricoid pressure. Can J Anaesth 1997;44:414-25.

31. Turkstra TP, Craen RA, Pelz DM, Gelb AW. Cervical spine motion: a fluoroscopic comparison during intubation with lighted stylet, GlideScope, and Macintosh laryngoscope. Anesth Analg 2005;101:910 -5, table of contents:table.

32. Wahlen BM, Gercek E. Three-dimensional cervical spine movement during intubation using the Macintosh and Bullard laryngoscopes, the Bonfils fibrescope and the intubating laryngeal mask airway. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2004;21:907-13.33. Asai T, Eguchi Y, Murao K, Niitsu T, Shingu K. Intubating laryngeal mask for fibreoptic intubation-particularly useful during neck stabilization. Can J Anaesth 2000;47:843-8.

33. Bergen JM, Smith DC. A review of etomidate for rapid sequence intubation in the emergency department. J Emerg Med 1997;15:221-30.

34. Bergen JM, Smith DC. A review of etomidate for rapid sequence intubation in the emergency department. J Emerg Med 1997;15:221-30.

35. Fraga M, Rama-Maceiras P, Rodino S, Aymerich H, Pose P, Belda J. The effects of isoflurane and desflurane on intracranial pressure, cerebral perfusion pressure, and cerebral arteriovenous oxygen content difference in normocapnic patients with supratentorial brain tumors. Anesthesiology 2003;98:1085-90.

36. Kaye A, Kucera IJ, Heavner J, Gelb A, Anwar M, Duban M, et al. The comparative effects of desflurane and isoflurane on lumbar cerebrospinal fluid pressure in patients undergoing craniotomy for supratentorial tumors. Anesth Analg 2004;98:1127-32, table of contents:table.

37. Phirman JR, Shapiro HM. Modification of nitrous oxide-induced intracranial hypertension by prior induction of anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1977;46:150-1.

38. Matta BF, Lam AM. Nitrous oxide increases cerebral blood flow velocity during pharmacologically induced EEG silence in humans. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 1995;7:89-93.

39. Milde LN, Milde JH, Gallagher WJ. Effects of sufentanyl on cerebral circulation and metabolism in dogs. Anesth Analg 1990;70:138-46.

40. Trindle MR, Dodson BA, Rampil IJ. Effects of fentanyl versus sufentanyl in equianesthetic doses on middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity. Anesthesiology 1993;78:454 -60(3:454-60).

41. Kapila A, Glass PS, Jacobs JR, Muir KT, Hermann DJ, Shiraishi M, et al. Measured context-sensitive half-times of remifentanyl and alfentanyl. Anesthesiology 1995;83:968-75.

42. Glass PS, Hardman D, Kamiyama Y, Quill TJ, Marton G, Donn KH, et al. Preliminary pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of an ultra-short-acting opioid: remifentanyl (GI87084B). Anesth Analg 1993;77:1031-40.

43. Stirt JA, Grosslight KR, Bedford RF, Vollmer D. «Defasciculation» with metocurine prevents succinylcholine-induced increases in intracranial pressure. Anesthesiology 1987;67:50-3.

44. Minton MD, Grosslight K, Stirt JA, Bedford RF. Increases in intracranial pressure from succinylcholine: prevention by prior nondepolarizing blockade. Anesthesiology 1986;65:165-9.

45. Helfman SM, Gold MI, DeLisser EA, Herrington CA. Which drug prevents tachycardia and hypertension associated with tracheal intubation: lidocaine, fentanyl, or esmolol? Anesth Analg 1991;72:482-6.

46. White PF. Textbook of intravenous anesthesia. 1° edition. Williams and Wilkins. 1997. Ref Type: Generic

47. Zornow MH, Prough DS. Fluid management in patients with traumatic brain injury. New Horiz 1995;3:488-98.

48. Sutin KM, Ruskin KJ, Kaufman BS. Intravenous fluid therapy in neurologic injury. Crit Care Clin 1992;8:367-408.

49. Rehm M, Conzen PF, Peter K, Finsterer U. [The Stewart model. «Modern» approach to the interpretation of the acid-base metabolism]. Anaesthesist 2004;53:347-57.

50. Poole GV Jr, Johnson JC, Prough DS, Stump DA, Stullken EH. Cerebral hemodynamics after hemorrhagic shock: effects of the type of resuscitation fluid. Crit Care Med 1986;14:629-33.

51. Warner DS, Boehland LA. Effects of iso-osmolal intravenous fluid therapy on post-ischemic brain water content in the rat. Anesthesiology 1988;68:86-91.

52. Cully MD, Larson CP Jr, Silverberg GD. Hetastarch coagulopathy in a neurosurgical patient. Anesthesiology 1987;66:706-7.

53. Manninen PH, Lam AM, Gelb AW, Brown SC. The effect of high-dose mannitol on serum and urine electrolytes and osmolality in neurosurgical patients. Can J Anaesth 1987;34:442-6.

54. Cruz J, Minoja G, Okuchi K. Improving clinical outcomes from acute subdural hematomas with the emergency preoperative administration of high doses of mannitol: a randomized trial. Neurosurgery 2001;49:864-71.

55. Cruz J, Minoja G, Okuchi K. Major clinical and physiological benefits of early high doses of mannitol for intraparenchymal temporal lobe hemorrhages with abnormal pupillary widening: a randomized trial. Neurosurgery 2002;51:628-37discussion.

56. Alex B, Brian TA. Neurotrauma. Evidence based answers to common questions. 1° edition. 2005: 148-149. Ref Type: Generic

57. Doyle JA, Davis DP, Hoyt DB. The use of hypertonic saline in the treatment of traumatic brain injury. J Trauma 2001;50:367-83.

58. Zornow MH, Prough DS. Fluid management in patients with traumatic brain injury. New Horiz 1995;3:488-98.

59. Knapp JM. Hyperosmolar therapy in the treatment of severe head injury in children: mannitol and hypertonic saline. AACN Clin Issues 2005;16:199-211.

60. Sutin KM, Ruskin KJ, Kaufman BS. Intravenous fluid therapy in neurologic injury. Crit Care Clin 1992;8:367-408.

61. Schneider GH, von Helden GH, Franke R, Lanksch WR, Unterberg A. Influence of body position on jugular venous oxygen saturation, intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien) 1993;59:107-12 1993;(Wien).

62. Tankisi A, Rasmussen M, Juul N, Cold GE. The effects of 10 degrees reverse Trendelenburg position on subdural intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure in patients subjected to craniotomy for cerebral aneurysm. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2006;18:11-7.

63. Schwartz ML, Tator CH, Rowed DW, Reid SR, Meguro K, Andrews DF. The University of Toronto head injury treatment study: a prospective, randomized comparison of pentobarbital and mannitol. Can J Neurol Sci 1984;11:434-40.

64. Suarez JI, Qureshi AI, Bhardwaj A, Williams MA, Schnitzer MS, Mirski M, et al. Treatment of refractory intracranial hypertension with 23.4% saline. Crit Care Med 1998;26:1118-22.

65. Munar F, Ferrer AM, de NM, Poca MA, Pedraza S, Sahuquillo J, et al. Cerebral hemodynamic effects of 7.2% hypertonic saline in patients with head injury and raised intracranial pressure. J Neurotrauma 2000;17:41-51.

66. Bullock R. Mannitol and other diuretics in severe neurotrauma. New Horiz 1995;3:448-52.

67. Carmona SJA, Maas AI, van den Brink WA, van SH, Steyerberg EW, Avezaat CJ. CO2 reactivity and brain oxygen pressure monitoring in severe head injury. Crit Care Med 2000;28:3268-74.

68. Coplin WM, Pierson DJ, Cooley KD, Newell DW, Rubenfeld GD. Implications of extubation delay in brain-injured patients meeting standard weaning criteria. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;161:1530 -6.

69. Kerr EM, Marion D, Sereika MS, Weber BB, Orndoff AP, Henker R, et al. The effect of cerebrospinal fluid drainage on cerebral perfusion in traumatic brain injured adults. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2000;12:324-33.

70. Roberts I, Yates D, Sandercock P, Farrell B, Wasserberg J, Lomas G, et al. Effect of intravenous corticosteroids on death within 14 days in 10,008 adults with clinically significant head injury (MRC CRASH trial): randomized placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2004;364:1321-8.

71. Bullock R. Mannitol and other diuretics in severe neurotrauma. New Horiz 1995;3:448-52.

72. Clifton GL, Allen S, Barrodale P, Plenger P, Berry J, Koch S, et al. A phase II study of moderate hypothermia in severe brain injury. J Neurotrauma 1993;10:263-71discussion.

73. Marion DW, Penrod LE, Kelsey SF, Obrist WD, Kochanek PM, Palmer AM, et al. Treatment of traumatic brain injury with moderate hypothermia. N Engl J Med 1997;336:540-6.

74. Clifton GL, Miller ER, Choi SC, Levin HS, McCauley S, Smith KR, Jr, et al. Lack of effect of induction of hypothermia after acute brain injury. N Engl J Med 2001;344:556-63.

75. Trindle MR, Dodson BA, Rampil IJ. Effects of fentanyl versus sufentanyl in equianesthetic doses on middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity. Anesthesiology 1993;78:454-60.