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Federación Mexicana de Ginecología y Obstetricia, A.C.

2022, Número 12

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Ginecol Obstet Mex 2022; 90 (12)


Suplementación de micronutrientes durante el embarazo: revisión narrativa de revisiones sistemáticas y metanálisis

Perichart-Perera O, Rodríguez-Cano AM

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 65
Paginas: 968-994
Archivo PDF: 299.77 Kb.


RESUMEN

Objetivo: Describir los efectos de la suplementación con vitamina B12, vitamina D, calcio, magnesio, zinc y múltiples micronutrientes asociados con complicaciones perinatales.
Metodología: Estudio retrospectivo, basado en la búsqueda bibliográfica de revisiones sistemáticas y metanálisis en la base de datos de Medline-PubMed, acerca de la suplementación con Vitamina B12, vitamina D, calcio, magnesio y zinc, además de la suplementación con múltiples micronutrientes en mujeres con embarazo único, sanas y con alteraciones metabólicas, de artículos publicados entre 2012 y 2022.
Resultados: Se incluyeron 51 revisiones y metanálisis. De acuerdo con los estudios, la suplementación con vitamina D reduce el riesgo de diabetes gestacional y preeclampsia, y posiblemente el riesgo de bajo peso al nacimiento y de pequeño para la edad gestacional. La suplementación con calcio disminuye el riesgo de hipertensión gestacional y preeclampsia en mujeres con alto riesgo y con bajo consumo de calcio. La suplementación con múltiples micronutrientes demostró un efecto en la reducción del bajo peso al nacimiento, pequeño para la edad gestacional, óbito y, posiblemente, parto pretérmino. Pocos estudios reportan que la suplementación con magnesio disminuye la hospitalización materna y mejora el control glucémico en mujeres con diabetes gestacional. Se requieren más estudios de suplementación con vitamina B12, zinc y magnesio.
Conclusión: No existe un esquema de referencia de suplementación con micronutrientes efectivo para todas las mujeres; el protocolo debe individualizarse en cuanto al tipo de nutrimento, dosis, características específicas, riesgos individuales y contexto de cada mujer, su consumo dietético y deficiencias, entre otros factores. La suplementación debe formar parte de los programas de salud gestacional, para garantizar la seguridad alimentaria y mejorar las condiciones de salud pública.


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