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Investigación en Educación Médica

2022, Número 41

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Inv Ed Med 2022; 11 (41)


Enseñanza de habilidades quirúrgicas: teorías educativas relevantes (primera parte)

Gaxiola-García MÁ, Kushida-Contreras BH, Sánchez-Mendiola M

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 87
Paginas: 82-96
Archivo PDF: 634.95 Kb.


RESUMEN

Introducción: No se cuenta con una definición precisa de educación quirúrgica globalmente aceptada. Las teorías o marcos teóricos educativos que sustentan la enseñanza de la cirugía se encuentran fragmentados y dispersos, sin formar parte de un modelo integrado que permita su abordaje holístico con rigor académico.
Objetivo: Obtener una aproximación de los conceptos y teorías utilizados en educación quirúrgica, que potencialmente puedan ser incluidos en un modelo integrador.
Método: Se realizó una revisión panorámica (scoping review) de la literatura sobre educación quirúrgica y sus marcos teórico-conceptuales, se determinaron relaciones entre conceptos cuando fue pertinente. El análisis se estructuró de la siguiente forma: retos de la educación quirúrgica, paradigmas educativos, programas estructu- rados vs. no estructurados, características de un mentor quirúrgico efectivo, teoría cognitiva del aprendizaje en la sala de operaciones, taxonomías para enseñanza y aprendizaje de la cirugía, modelo de novato a experto, y modelos para enseñanza quirúrgica.
Resultados: Los conceptos que fundamentan la educación de la cirugía son múltiples; su aplicación y utilidad han sido demostradas en contextos de aprendizaje tanto médicos como no médicos. La utilización de estos conceptos o modelos durante la enseñanza por parte del mentor, le proporcionan esquemas que facilitan la evaluación y en su caso, la modificación de las estrategias. La fundamentación teórica de la enseñanza quirúrgica permite migrar de programas basados en tiempo o carga de trabajo arbitrarios hacia experiencias de aprendizaje planeadas y moduladas.
Conclusiones: Existen recursos teóricos que pueden ser utilizados en el espectro completo de la educación quirúrgica, desde la selección del aprendiz de cirugía hasta el desempeño autónomo del profesionista de la especialidad. El uso de estos conceptos o teorías permite lograr una enseñanza quirúrgica de mayor calidad, limitando la acción del azar en el aprendizaje.


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