Table 1: Epidemiological characteristics, classification.

Study

Year

Patients/Feet

Mean age

Sex

Stage

Treatment

Follow-up

AOFAS Outcome

Volpe A,

et al.41

2020

4 feet /4 patients

59.7

1 male/3 females

1 feet/S1

1 feet/S3

2 feet/S4

A-magnetotherapy (8 h/d) (S1 and S3)

B-TNA (S4)

24 months

A-91

B-73

Nelson EW, Rivello GJ40

2012

1 feet/1 patient

28

1 female

1 feet/S3

TNCA

38 months

97

Wang X,

et al42

2012

7 feet/6 patients

54

1 male/5 females

4 feet/S4

2 feet/S5

A-TNA (four S4 and one S5)

B-TA (one S5)

23.2 months

A-90.8

B-88

Li SY,

et al54

2017

14 feet/13 patients

56

6 males/7 females

5 feet/S2

4 feet/S3

4 feet/S4

1 feet/S5

Calcaneus osteotomy

44.4 months

78.9

Tan A,

et al53

2011

1 feet/1 patient

51

1 female

1 feet/S4

Femoral head allograft

14 months

NA

Adams SB, Danilkowicz

2021

1 feet/1 patient

42

1 male

1 feet/S3

Talonavicular Joint-Sparing 3D Printed Navicular

48 months

87.5 (FADI)

Kitaura Y,

et al48

2019

2 feet/2 patients

69

2 females

2 feet/S3

TNCA

60 months

98.5 (JSSF)

Chang SM,

et al51

2019

1 feet/1 patient

38

1 female

1 feet/S2

Light bulb procedure for failed percutaneous decompression

72 months

97

Levinson H,

et al28

2013

1 feet/1 patient

25

1 male

1 feet/S2

Medial femoral condyle vascularized bone graft

18 months

NA

Janositz G,

et al52

2011

1 feet/1 patient

18

1 female

1 feet/S2

Percutaneous decompression

96 months

NA

Hu D,

et al32

2017

13 feet/13 patients

59

2 males/11 females

7 feet/S3

6 feet/S4

TNA

20 months

83.5

Qu F,

et al33

2019

14 feet/14 patients

46.2

3 males/11 females

5 feet/S3

9 feet/S4

TNA and calcaneus osteotomy

22.3 months

90.6

Harnroongroj T, Chuckpaiwong B31

2018

14 feet/14 patients

57.4

2 males/14 females

7 feet/S3

9 feet/S4

TNA

36-96 months

87.5

Lu CK,

et al38

2014

13 feet/13 patients

55.6

1 male/12 females

2 feet/S3

11 feet/S4

TNA

114 months

87.2

Yuan C,

et al39

2019

36 feet/34 patients

53.7

3 males/33 females

9 feet/S2

10 feet/S3

9 feet/S4

8 feet/S5

TNA or TNCA

25-115 months

85.3

Bai W,

et al47

2023

15 feet/15 patients

48.4

2 males/13 females

8 feet/S3

7 feet/S4

TNA

74 months

90.2

TNA = talonavicular arthrodesis.

TNCA = talonaviculocuneiform arthrodesis.

TA = triple arthrodesis.

NA = not available.

FADI = Foot and Ankle Disability Index.

JSSF = Japanese Society for Surgery of the Foot.