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Table 1: Cytokines and chemokines secreted by neutrophils. |
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|
Function |
Target cell |
References |
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Cytokines |
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IL-1α |
- Proinflammatory effect - Promotes proliferation and differentiation - Endogenous pyrogen |
T and B lymphocytes, MN, eosinophils, DC and fibroblasts |
27,30 |
|
IL-1β |
- Increases differentiation and IL-9, RORγt and IRF4 expression |
Subpopulations of T lymphocyte subpopulations: TH9 and TH17 |
27,30 |
|
IL-6 |
- Promotes inflammation - Hematopoiesis - Differentiation |
T and B lymphocytes |
27,30 |
|
IL-17 |
- Proinflammatory effect - Increases production of IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, G-CSF, GM-CSF and chemokines that attract MN and neutrophils |
Endothelial cells, epithelial cells and fibroblasts |
27,30 |
|
IL-18 |
- Promotes TH1 lymphocyte differentiation - Induces IFN-γ production by T lymphocytes - Increases cytotoxic activity of NK lymphocytes |
T lymphocytes and NK cells |
30 |
|
TNF-α |
- Regulates the growth and differentiation of various cell types - Promotes angiogenesis, bone resorption and thrombotic processes - Suppresses lipogenic metabolism |
Neutrophils, macrophages, fibroblasts and T and B lymphocytes |
27,30 |
|
MIF |
- Promotes activation - Inhibits macrophage migration |
Macrophages |
30 |
|
IL-1 Ra |
- Anti-inflammatory activity - IL-1 antagonist, blocking its binding to the receptor, preventing a proinflammatory response |
MN, lymphocytes, fibroblasts and endothelial cells |
31 |
|
TGF-β |
- Anti-inflammatory effect - Inhibits growth, differentiation and functions of various cell types - Promotes angiogenesis and tissue repair - Stimulates the production of IgA antibodies |
T and B lymphocytes, MN, macrophages and fibroblasts |
27,30 |
|
IL-22 |
- Proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory effect - Stimulates transcription of protein genes with microbicidal activity |
Keratinocytes |
27,30 |
|
IL-23 |
- Promotes differentiation - Induces IL-17A and IL-17B synthesis |
TH17 lymphocytes |
27,30 |
|
G-CSF |
- Growth and differentiation of neutrophil precursors |
Neutrophils |
27,30 |
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Chemokines |
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CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL3, CXCL5, CXCL6, CXCL8 (IL-8) |
- Proinflammatory activity - Neutrophil recruitment |
Neutrophils |
18,32 |
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CXCL4 |
- Proinflammatory activity - Platelet aggregation |
Platelets |
27 |
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CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11 |
- Proinflammatory activity - Recruitment of effector T-lymphocytes |
Effector T lymphocytes |
23,27 |
|
CCL2 |
- Proinflammatory activity - Leukocyte recruitment |
MN and basophils |
32 |
|
CCL3, CCL4 |
- Proinflammatory activity - Leukocyte recruitment - T-lymphocyte-DC interaction |
Macrophages, NK lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes and DCs |
27,33 |
|
CCL17, CCL22 |
- Migration and activation |
TH2 lymphocytes, regulatory T lymphocytes and basophils. |
27,33 |
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CCL18 |
- Activation |
Lymphocytes TH2 |
33 |
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CCL19 |
- Migration to lymph nodes |
DC and T lymphocytes |
22,32 |
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CCL20 |
- Migration to intestinal lymphoid tissue |
TH17 lymphocytes, B lymphocytes and DCs |
33 |
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CCL23 |
- Chemoattractive activity |
T lymphocytes, MN and neutrophils |
34 |
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DC = dendritic cell. G-CSF = granulocyte-stimulating factor. GM-CSF = granulocyte-monocyte-stimulating factor. IFN = interferon. IgA = immunoglobulin A. IL = interleukin. IRF4 = interferon regulatory factor 4. Reg T lymphocytes = regulatory T lymphocytes. MIF = macrophage migration inhibitory factor. MN = monocyte. NK = natural killers. RORγt = retinoid orphan receptor gamma t. TGF-β = transforming growth factor-beta. Th = T helper lymphocyte. TNF = tumor necrosis factor. |
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