Table 5: Biomarkers for immunodiagnosis of tuberculosis in children and adults.25,47,49-68

Biomarker

Neonatals-infants

Adolescents and adults

Extracellular

vesicles (EV)

Blood: LAM and LprG have been

detected by immunoassay

Urine: LAM and CFP-10 (Rv3874) have been detected by I-PCR

Serum: M. tuberculosis peptides by MRM-MS

Cytokines

Sputum: IFN-γ and IL-2 detection by ELISPOT

Blood: detection of IFN-γ, IP-10,

(TNF)-α, IL-1ra, IL-2, IL-13 and

MIP-1β by multiplex immunoassay

Blood: Detection of IL-2 IL-1ra, IL-10 and TNF-α by multiplex immunoassay

miRNAs

Blood: the combined identification of:

miR-1, miR-155, miR-31, miR-146a,

miR-10a, miR-125, miR-150,

miR-29 up regulated with

95.8% sensitivity and miR-29 down

regulated with 95% sensitivity

Serum: detection of let-7e, miR-146a,

miR-148a, miR-192, miR-193a-5p,

miR-451, miR-532-5p, miR-590 -5p,

miR-660, miR-885-5p, miR-223,

miR-30e, miR-25, miR-146

Pleural fluid: the combined identification of miR-3615, miR-4616, miR-378i that are expressed upwards in patients with active and latent TB

Serum: A promising biomarker for the diagnosis of
MDR-TB is Let-7e-5p, miR-155, miR-21-5p, miR-92a-3p and miR-148b-3p, miR-21-5p, miR-92a-3p and miR-148b-3p

Sputum: miR-151, miR-409-3p, miR-1204,
hsa-miR-376c, miR-23a

Serum/Sputum: miR-1270, miR-371-3p, miR-380,
miR-582-3p, miR-618

IP10/CXCL10

Blood: Detection of IP-10 using a sandwich ELISA

Urine: detection of IP-10 associated with treatment efficacy by ELISA

Lipoproteins

Plasma: M. tuberculosis

lipoprotein (TLP) by ELISA

Serum: lipoprotein capture assay by ELISA

75 metabolites

Serum: detection of metabolites

(leucine and kynurenine)

by mass spectrometry

Urine: N-acetylhexosamine, neopterin, diacetylspermine and sialic acids by mass spectrometry

ELISPOT = enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot.

I-PCR = immuno-polymerase chain reaction.

MRM-MS = multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry assays.

Bioplex = multiplex immunoassay.

ELISA = enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.