Table 2: Action of specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators

in different experimental models.

SPM

Cell or

study model

Action

References

Mar1

Bronchial epithelial cells

Reduced IL-6, TNF-α and IL-8, decreased neutrophil accumulation

13

 

Human macrophages

Induces BPI expression, regulates TNF-α production and induces intracellular growth control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

10

AT-RvD1

Bronchial epithelial cells

Modulates LPS-induced bronchoalveolar lavage cell activation and the immune response of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus mites

95

RvE1

Murine models of pneumonia

Reduces IL-1β, IL-6, PMN infiltration, improves survival and decreases bacterial loads

11

 

Murine models of critical illness

Inhibits translocation and activation of NF-κB (p65)

96

RvD1

Murine model

 

Murine model

 

Human alveolar macrophages

 

Human macrophages

In Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus infections, it limits PMN infiltration, aids bacterial clearance and enhances

PMN infiltration, helps bacterial clearance and increases the resolution of the infection

In mice exposed long-term to cigarette smoke, it reduced emphysema and airspace enlargement, as well as and airspace enlargement as well as inflammation, oxidative stress and cell death

In human alveolar macrophages from COPD and non-COPD patients decreased IL-6 and TNF-α levels, while increased phagocytosis and promoted an M2 macrophage phenotype

Induces BPI and LL37 expression, upregulates TNF-α production and induces intracellular growth control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

97

 

12

 

68,98

 

 

10

PD1

Human eosinophils

Patients with PD1 impairment contribute to severe asthmatic persistence and severity of the disease, decreased adhesion molecules (CD11b and L-selectin), decreased chemotaxis

96

LXA4

Serum and murine models

Negatively regulate protective Th1 lymphocyte responses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection

14

DHA,

EPA and

ALA

Human pulmonary fibroblasts and bronchial cell line (BEAS-2B)

They cause an amplification of inflammatory responses to viral and bacterial components, with production of IL-6 and CXCL8.

15

SPM = specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators of inflammation;

Mar1 = maresin 1;

IL-6 = interleukin 6;

TNF-α = tumor necrosis factor alpha;

IL-8 = interleukin 8;

BP1 = bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein;

AT-RvD1 = aspirin-triggered resolvin D1;

LPS = lipopolysaccharide;

RvE1 = resolvin E1;

IL-1β = interleukin 1β;

PMN = polymorphonuclear cells;

NF-κB = nuclear factor enhancer of activated B cell kappa light chains (nuclear factor-κB);

RvD1 = resolvin D1;

COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease;

LL37 = cathelicidin;

PD1 = protectin D1;

LXA4 = lipoxin A4;

DHA = docosahexaenoic acid;

EPA = eicosapentaenoic acid;

ALA = α-linolenic acid;

CXCL8 = chemokine [C-X-X motif] ligand 8.