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Table 1: Summary of publications regarding the association between psychological factors and pulmonary obstructive chronic disease. |
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Outcome measures / Reference |
Odds ratio - risk ratio - adjusted odds ratio - hazard ratio |
Other factors found |
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Depression and emergency hospital admissions12 Depression and attendances at emergency departments |
OR = 2.63; 95% CI (1.48-4.66)
OR = 2.78; 95% CI (1.55-4.99) |
Even mild symptoms and moderate to severe symptoms of depression increase the risk of use of urgent care, these findings are independent of severity of disease and comorbidity of other chronic physical conditions |
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COPD and the likelihood |
OR = 1.90; 95% CI (1.27-2.48) |
Similarly, risk factors associated with suicide, such as mental disorders, are underdiagnosed and undertreated |
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Comorbid depression and risk of mortality14 |
RR = 1.83; 95% CI (1.00-3.36). |
COPD increases the risk of developing depression (RR = 1.69; 95% CI 1.45-1.96) |
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Bipolar disorder and COPD15 Schizophrenia and COPD16 |
OR 1.55; 95% CI (1.45-1.65) OR 1.57; 95% CI (1.43-1.72) |
The most important confounding factor the contribution of which must be evaluated to clarify the nature of the association between COPD and major mental illness is the smoking |
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Stress with acute care use in COPD |
AOR = 2.51; 95% CI (1.06-5.98) |
The high stress group had a 2.5-fold increased adjusted odds of acute care use compared to the low stress group |
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Physical activity-depression in COPD17 PA-anxiety in COPD |
HR = 0.85; 95% CI (0.75-0.95)
HR = 0.89; 95% CI (0.79-1.00) |
The study found more physically active patients [with higher PA levels equivalent to 2.5 metabolic equivalent tasks (METs), e.g., those who report walking outside vs. those who do not] had 15% and 11% lower risks of developing depression and anxiety, respectively, compared to physically inactive patients |
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OR = Odds ratio, RR = risk ratio, AOR = adjusted odds ratio, HR = hazard ratio, COPD = pulmonary obstructive chronic disease, PA = physical activity, CI = confidence intervals. |
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