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Table 3: Traumatic and non-traumatic causes of acute compartment syndrome. |
|
|
Traumatic causes |
Non-traumatic causes |
|
Fractures of long bones |
Intravenous fluids: fluid extravasation; massive fluid resuscitation (e.g., severe thermal burns, sepsis, etc.) |
|
Blunt trauma (crush injury / crush syndrome) |
Hematologic: ischemia-reperfusion injury, thrombosis, bleeding disorders, vascular disease, spontaneous hemorrhage |
|
Burn injuries |
Anticoagulation |
|
Constrictive bandages, splints, or casts |
Toxics: animal poisonings and bites; recreational drug injections |
|
Penetrating trauma |
Prolonged limb compression (following severe drug or alcohol intoxication; malposition during surgery) |
|
High-pressure injection |
Revascularization procedures (limb bypass surgery, embolectomy, thrombolysis) |
|
Injury to vascular structures |
Nephrotic syndrome (decreased serum osmolarity) |
|
Group A streptococcus infections of the muscle; systemic inflammatory response syndrome |
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