medigraphic.com
Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública

2021, Number 3

<< Back Next >>

salud publica mex 2021; 63 (3)

Stakeholder analysis of the deliberation of an increase to the excise tax on sweetened beverages in Mexico

Gómez-Dantés O, Orozco-Núñez E, Torres-de la Rosa CP, López-Santiago M

Language: English
References: 49
Page: 436-443
PDF size: 291.89 Kb.


ABSTRACT

Objective. To present the results of a stakeholder analysis used to construct a map of the actors involved in the deliberation of a proposal to increase the tax on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) in Mexico from 10 to 20 percent per liter. Materials and methods. A literature review and interviews to key actors were implemented. The analysis of the actors’ power and position was made using Policymaker. Results. There was concern for the obesity epidemic among all stakeholders, but little consensus on the way to solve it. Researchers and non-governmental organizations (NGO) support an increase in the tax on SSB, while government officials and industry representatives oppose this measure. Conclusion. Supporters of an increase to the tax on SSB need to build a coalition in order to force government officials to support this policy and successfully confront the soda industry, which has a solid opposing strategy and enormous financial resources to influence public opinion and congressmen.


REFERENCES

  1. Lewit E, Coate D. The potential for using excise taxes to reduce smoking. J Health Econ. 1982;1(2):121-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167- 6296(82)90011-X

  2. Muth N, Dietz W, Sheela N, Johnson R, American Academy of Pediatrics, Section ON Obesity, et al. Public policies to reduce sugary drink consumption in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2019;143(4):e20190282, https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2019-0282

  3. Chaloupka F, Powell L, Warner K. The use of excise taxes to reduce tobacco, alcohol, and sugary beverage consumption. Annu Rev Public Health. 2019;40:187-201. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth- 040218-043816

  4. Shamah-Levy T, Vielma-Orozco E, Heredia-Hernández O, Romero- Martínez M, Mojica-Cuevas J, Cuevas-Nasu L, et al. Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2018-19: Resultados Nacionales. Cuernavaca: Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, 2020. Disponible en: https://ensanut.insp.mx/ encuestas/ensanut2018/doctos/informes/ensanut_2018_informe_final.pdf

  5. Basto-Abreu A, Barrientos-Gutiérrez T, Rojas-Martínez R, Aguilar-Salinas CA, López-Olmedo N, De la Cruz-Góngora V, et al. Prevalencia de diabetes y descontrol glucémico en México: resultados de la Ensanut 2016. Salud Publica Mex. 2020;62:50-9. https://doi.org/10.21149/10752

  6. Malik V, Popkin B, Bray G, Després J, Willett W, Hu F. Sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(11):2477-83. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc10-1079

  7. Cherukupalli R. Growth rates and aggregates: bringing data to the soda wars [Internet]. Lancet Global Health blog. 2016 [cited August 21, 2017]. Available from: http://globalhealth.thelancet.com/2016/06/10/growthrates- and-aggregates-bringing-data-soda-wars

  8. World Health Organization. Guideline: Sugars intake for adults and children [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2015 [cited August 21, 2017]. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstre am/10665/149782/1/9789241549028_eng.pdf?ua=1

  9. Centro de Estudios de las Finanzas Públicas. Medidas fiscales y extra fiscales para contrarrestar el consumo de bebidas saborizadas en México [Internet]. Mexico: Cámara de Diputados, 2015 [cited August 21, 2017]. Available from: http://www.cefp.gob.mx/publicaciones/nota/2015/abril/ notacefp0142015.pdf

  10. Colchero A, Molina M, Guerrero-López CM. After Mexico implemented a tax, purchases of sugar-sweetened beverages decreased and water increased: Difference by place of residence, household composition, and income level. Composition, and Income Level. The Journal of Nutrition. 2017;147(8):1552-7. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.117.251892

  11. Colchero A, Popkin BM, Rivera JA, Ng SW. Beverage purchases from stores in Mexico under the excise tax on sugar sweetened beverages: observational study. BMJ. 2016;352:H6704. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h6704

  12. Colchero A, Salgado J, Unar-Munguía M, Hernández-Ávila M, Rivera- Dommarco J. Price elasticity of the demand for sugar sweetened beverages and soft drinks in Mexico. Econ Hum Biol. 2015;19:129-37. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2015.08.007

  13. Sánchez-Romero LM, Penko J, Coxson PG, Fernández A, Mason A, Morán AE, et al. Projected impact of Mexico’s sugar-sweetened beverage tax policy on diabetes and cardiovascular disease: A modeling study. PLoS Med. 2016;13(11):e1002158. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pmed.1002158

  14. Colchero A, Rivera-Dommarco J, Popkin BM, Ng SW. In Mexico, evidence of sustained consumer response two years after implementing a sugar-sweetened beverage tax. Health Aff (Millwood). 2017;36(3):564-571. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2016.1231

  15. Reich M. The politics of reforming health policies. Promotion & Education. 2002;9(4): 138-42. https://doi.org/10.1177/175797590200900401

  16. Birkland T. An introduction to the policy process. Theories, concepts, and models of public policy making. London: Routledge, 2019.

  17. Roberts MJ, Hsiao W, Berman P, Reich MR. The health-reform cycle. In: Roberts MJ, Hsiao W, Berman P, Reich MR. Getting health reform right. A guide to improving performance and equity. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004:2139.

  18. Andersen RM. Behavioral model of families’ use of health services. Chicago: Center for Health Administrations Studies, University of Chicago, 1968.

  19. Andersen R. National health surveys and the behavioral model of health services use. Med Care. 2008;46(7):647-53. https://doi.org/10.1097/ MLR.0b013e31817a835d

  20. Mercer SL. Enabling factors [Internet]. Encyclopedia of Public Health. 2016 [cited August 21, 2017]. Available from: http://www.encyclopedia. com/doc/1G2-3404000298.html

  21. Gómez-Dantés O, Reich M, Garrido-Latorre F. Political economy of pursuing the expansion of social protection in health in Mexico. Health Syst Reform. 2015;1(3):207-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/23288604.2015.1 054547

  22. Brugha R, Vasvasovszky Z. Stakeholder analysis: a review. Health Pol Plan. 2000;15(3):239-46. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/15.3.239

  23. Varvasovszky Z, Brugha R. How to do (or not to do) a stakeholder analysis. Health Pol Plann. 2000;15(3):338-45.

  24. Shonk K. What is negotiation? [Internet]. Harvard Law School. 2020 [cited May 28, 2020]. Available from: https://www.pon.harvard.edu/daily/ negotiation-skills-daily/what-is-negotiation/

  25. Reich M. Policy Maker 4 Software. Computer Assisted Political Analysis. Version 4.0. Boston: Polimap, 2012.

  26. Popkin BM. The nutrition transition: An overview of world patterns of change. Nutr Rev. 2004; 62(7):140-3. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2004.tb00084.x

  27. Popkin BM. The shift in stages of the nutrition transition in the developing world differs from paste experiences. Public Health Nutr. 2002;5(1A):204-14. https://doi.org/10.1079/PHN2001295

  28. Rivera J, Barquera S, Campirano F, Campos I, Safdie M, Tovar V. Epidemiological and nutritional transition in Mexico: rapid increase of non-communicable chronics diseases and obesity. Public Health Nutr. 2002;5(1A):113-22. https://doi.org/10.1079/PHN2001282

  29. Rivera JA, Barquera S, González-Cossío T, Olaiz G, Sepúlveda J. Nutrition transition in Mexico and in other Latin American countries. Nutr Rev. 2004;62(7):149-57. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2004. tb00086.x

  30. Pérez-Ferrer C, McMunn A, Zaninotto P, Brunner EJ. The nutrition transition in Mexico 1988-2016: the role of wealth in the social patterning of obesity by education. Public Health Nutr. 2018;21(13):2394-401. https:// doi.org/10.1017/S1368980018001167

  31. Barquera S, Campos-Nonato I, Hernández-Barrera L, Pedroza A, Rivera- Dommarco J. Prevalence of obesity in Mexican adults 2000-2012. Salud Publica Mex. 2013;55(suppl 2):S151-60 [cited May 28, 2020]. Available from: http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0036- 36342013000800012&lng=es&nrm=iso

  32. Cabrera-Escobar MA, Veerman JL, Tollman SM, Bertram MY, Hofman KJ. Evidence that tax on sugar sweetened beverage reduces the obesity rate: a meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. 2013;13:1072. https://doi. org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-107

  33. Villagómez P. Desigualdades nutricionales en México: un drama en construcción [Internet]. Nexos. 2018 March 8 [cited April 20, 2018]. Available from: https://economia.nexos.com.mx/?p=1134

  34. Rivera-Dommarco J, Cuevas-Nasu L, González de Cossío T, Shamah- Lvy T, García-Feregrino R. Desnutrición crónica en México en el último cuarto de siglo: Análisis de cuatro encuestas nacionales. Salud Publica Mex. 2013; 55(suppl 2):S161-9.

  35. Rivera-Dommarco JA, Hernández-Ávila M, Aguilar-Salinas CA, Vadillo- Ortega F, Rendón-Murayama C. Obesidad en México: Recomendaciones para una política de Estado. Mexico City: Academia Nacional de Medicina, 2013.

  36. Rivera JA, González de Cossío T, Pedraza S, Aburto TC, Sánchez TG, Martorell R. Childhood and adolescent overweight and obesity in Latin America: a systematic review. Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. 2014; 2(4):321-32.

  37. Bader P, Boisclair D, Ferrence R. Effects of tobacco taxation and pricing on smoking behavior in high risk populations: A knowledge synthesis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2011;8(11):4118-39.

  38. Chaloupka FJ, Straif K, Leon ME, Working Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer. Effectiveness of tax and price policies in tobacco control. Tob Control. 2011; 20(3):235-8. https://doi.org/10.1136/ tc.2010.039982

  39. Wan L, Watson E, Arthur R. Sugar taxes: the global picture in 2017 [Internet]. England: William Reed Business Media, 2017 [cited April 23, 2018]. Available from: https://www.beveragedaily.com/Article/2017/12/20/ Sugar-taxes-The-global-picture-in-2017

  40. World Health Organization. Fiscal policies for diet and prevention of no communicable diseases. Geneva: WHO, 2016.

  41. Schwendicke F, Stolpe M. Taxing sugar-sweetened beverages: impact on overweight and obesity in Germany. BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):88. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3938-4

  42. Nakhimovsky S, Feigl A, Avila C, O’Sullivan G, Macgregor-Skinner E, Spranca M. Taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages to reduce overweight and obesity in middle-income countries: A systematic review. PLOS ONE. 11(9):e0163358. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0163358

  43. Sassi F, Belloni A, Mirelman AJ, Suhrcke M, Thomas A, Salti N, et al. Equity impacts of price policies to promote healthy behaviours. The Lancet Taskforce on NCDs And Economics. 2018;391(10134):P2059-70. https:// doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30531-2

  44. Pfister K. Leaked: Coca Cola’s worldwide political strategy to kill soda taxes. Observer. 2016 Oct 14 [cited July 6, 2018]. Available from: http:// observer.com/2016/10/leaked-coca-colas-worldwide-political-strategy-tokill- soda-taxes

  45. Ojeda E, Torres C, Carriedo A, Mialon M,Parekh N, Orozco E. The influence of the sugar-sweetened beverage industry on public policies in Mexico. Int J Public Health. 2020;65:37-1044. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s00038-020-01414-2

  46. Jacobs A, Richtel M. She took on Colombia‘s soda industry. Then she was silenced [Internet]. The New York Times. 2017 Nov 13 [cited July 17, 2018]. Available from: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/13/health/ colombia-soda-tax-obesity.html

  47. Garfield L. A 50% ‘sin’ tax on soda in Dubai could have global consequences. Business Insider. 2017 Oct 3 [cited May 8, 2018]. Available from: http://www.businessinsider.com/uae-dubai-sugar-diabetes-tax-soda-energy- drinks-tobacco-2017-10

  48. Caro J, Corvalán C, Reyes M, Silva A, Popkin B, Smith-Taillie L. Chile‘s 2014 sugar-sweetened beverage tax and changes in prices and purchases of sugar-sweetened beverages: An observational study in an urban environment. Plos Med. 2018;15(7):e1002597. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pmed.1002597

  49. Kearns CE, Glantz SA, Schmidt LA. Sugar industry influence on the scientific agenda of the National Institute of Dental Research’s 1971 Nacional Caries Program: A historical analysis of internal documents. PLOS Medicine. 2015;12(3):e1001798. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pmed.1001798




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com