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Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública

2021, Number 2

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salud publica mex 2021; 63 (2)

Cyclic schedules for working population to reduce Covid-19 transmission: evidence and recommendations for Mexico

Pérez-Ferrer C, López-Olmedo N, Bautista-Arredondo S, Colchero MA, Stern D, Zepeda-Tello R, Torres-Álvarez R, Reyes-Sánchez F, Barrientos-Gutiérrez T

Language: Spanish
References: 66
Page: 314-321
PDF size: 333.18 Kb.


ABSTRACT

This paper proposes structural interventions to organize the working population which could be implemented to avoid a new wave of Covid-19 cases without halting economic activity. We summarize the evidence regarding cyclic schedules of work days followed by days in lockdown. We discuss the possible application of cycles of four days of work followed by three in lockdown for the Mexican context. We also discuss two complimentary interventions for these cycles: continuing to work from home for the sectors for which this is possible and staggered work shifts. This discussion takes into account the high informality context and the scarcity of resources to absorb productivity losses in middle and small companies. We consider the need to implement financial help for people and companies to mitigate lost earnings both in the formal and in the informal work sectors.


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  2. Lancaster T, Stead LF. Individual behavioural counselling for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev.2017;3(3):CD001292. https://doi. org/10.1002/14651858.CD001292.pub3

  3. Viswanathan M, Treiman KA, Kish-Doto J, Middleton JC, Coker-Schwimmer EJ, Nicholson WK. Folic acid supplementation for the prevention of neural tube defects: An updated evidence report and systematic review for the US preventive services task force. JAMA.2017;317(2):190-203. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.19193

  4. Frieden TR. A framework for public health action: the health impact pyramid. Am J Public Health.2010;100(4):590-5. https://doi.org/10.2105/ ajph.2009.185652

  5. Edwards CH, Tomba GS, de Blasio BF. Influenza in workplaces: transmission, workers’ adherence to sick leave advice and European sick leave recommendations. Eur J Public Health.2016;26(3):478-85. https://doi. org/10.1093/eurpub/ckw031

  6. Mossong J, Hens N, Jit M, Beutels P, Auranen K, Mikolajczyk R, et al. Social contacts and mixing patterns relevant to the spread of infectious diseases. PLoS Med. 2008;5(3):e74. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pmed.0050074

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  8. Ahmed F, Zviedrite N, Uzicanin A. Effectiveness of workplace social distancing measures in reducing influenza transmission: a systematic review. BMC Public Health.2018;18(1):518. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5446-1

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  21. Vilar-Compte M, Pérez V, Teruel G, Alonso A, Pérez-Escamilla R. Costing of actions to safeguard vulnerable Mexican households with young children from the consequences of COVID-19 social distancing measures. Int J Equity Health. 2020;19(1):70. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-020- 01187-3

  22. López-Olmedo N, Stern D, Pérez-Ferrer C, González-Morales R, Canto-Osorio F, Barrientos-Gutiérrez T. Revisión rápida: probabilidad de contagio por infecciones respiratorias agudas en el transporte público y medidas para mitigarlo. Salud Publica Mex. 2020. https://doi. org/10.21149/11601

  23. Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía. Viviendas Particulares Habitadas. México: INEGI, 2020 [citado agosto, 2020]. Disponible en: https://www.inegi.org.mx/temas/vivienda/

  24. Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía. Comunicado de prensa num. 251/18: Encuesta Nacional de Hogares 2017. México: INEGI, 2018 [citado agosto, 2020]. Disponible en: https://www.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/ saladeprensa/boletines/2018/EstSociodemo/enh2018_05.pdf

  25. Secretaría de Marina. Centro de aislamiento voluntario por COVID 19. México: Gobierno de México, 2020 [citado agosto, 2020]. Disponible en: https://www.gob.mx/semar/documentos/centro-de-aislamiento-voluntario- por-covid-19

  26. Gobierno de la Ciudad de México. Procedimiento de Apoyo económico a personas enfermas o con síntomas de COVID-19. México: Gobierno de la Ciudad de México, 2020 [citado agosto, 2020]. Disponible en: https:// sibiso.cdmx.gob.mx/apoyo-economico-personas-enfermas-sintomas- COVID19

  27. Instituto Mexicano para la Competitividad. COVID-19: ¿Qué hacen los gobiernos estatales ante la crisis? México: IMCO, 2020 [citado julio, 2020]. Disponible en: https://imco.org.mx/covid-19-que-hacen-los-gobiernosestatales- ante-la-crisis-2/

  28. World Economic Forum. 6 charts that show what employers and employees really think about remote working. World Economic Forum, 2020 [citado agosto, 2020]. Disponible en: https://www.weforum.org/ agenda/2020/06/coronavirus-covid19-remote-working-office-employeesemployers/

  29. International Labour Organization. Practical guide on teleworking during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. Ginebra: International Labour Office, 2020 [citado agosto, 2020]. Disponible en: https://www.ilo. org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---travail/documents/ instructionalmaterial/wcms_751232.pdf

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  31. Barrientos-Gutiérrez T, Alpuche-Aranda C, Lazcano-Ponce E, Pérez-Ferrer C, Rivera-Dommarco J. La salud pública en la primera ola: una agenda para la cooperación ante Covid-19. Salud Publica Mex. 2020;62(5):598- 606. https://doi.org/10.21149/11606

  32. Department of Health and Human Services. Guidance on preparing workplaces for COVID-19. Washington: Occupational Safety and Health Act, 2020 [citado Agosto 2020]. Disponible en: https://www.osha.gov/ Publications/OSHA3990.pdf

  33. Secretaría del Trabajo y Previsión Social. Guía de acción para los centros de trabajo ante el COVID-19. México: Secretaría del Trabajo y Previsión Social, 2020 [citado agosto, 2020]. Disponible en: https://www.gob.mx/cms/ uploads/attachment/file/548062/GUI_A_DE_ACCIO_N_PARA_LOS_ CENTROS_DE_TRABAJO_ANTE_EL_COVID-19_24_04_20_VF.pdf

  34. Min WF, Huizhi G, Jessica YW, Jingyi X, Eunice YCS, Sukhyun R, et al. Nonpharmaceutical measures for pandemic influenza in nonhealthcare settings—social distancing measures. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020; 26(5):967-75. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2605.190995

  35. Lancaster T, Stead LF. Individual behavioural counselling for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev.2017;3(3):CD001292. https://doi. org/10.1002/14651858.CD001292.pub3

  36. Viswanathan M, Treiman KA, Kish-Doto J, Middleton JC, Coker-Schwimmer EJ, Nicholson WK. Folic acid supplementation for the prevention of neural tube defects: An updated evidence report and systematic review for the US preventive services task force. JAMA.2017;317(2):190-203. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.19193

  37. Frieden TR. A framework for public health action: the health impact pyramid. Am J Public Health.2010;100(4):590-5. https://doi.org/10.2105/ ajph.2009.185652

  38. Edwards CH, Tomba GS, de Blasio BF. Influenza in workplaces: transmission, workers’ adherence to sick leave advice and European sick leave recommendations. Eur J Public Health.2016;26(3):478-85. https://doi. org/10.1093/eurpub/ckw031

  39. Mossong J, Hens N, Jit M, Beutels P, Auranen K, Mikolajczyk R, et al. Social contacts and mixing patterns relevant to the spread of infectious diseases. PLoS Med. 2008;5(3):e74. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pmed.0050074

  40. Del Valle SY, Hyman JM, Hethcote HW, Eubank SG. Mixing patterns between age groups in social networks. Social Networks.2007;29(4):539-54. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2007.04.005

  41. Ahmed F, Zviedrite N, Uzicanin A. Effectiveness of workplace social distancing measures in reducing influenza transmission: a systematic review. BMC Public Health.2018;18(1):518. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5446-1

  42. Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía. Resultados de la encuesta nacional de ocupación y empleo. Cifras durante el primer trimestre de 2020. México: INEGI, 2020 [citado agosto, 2020]. Disponible en: https:// www.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/saladeprensa/boletines/2020/enoe_ie/ enoe_ie2020_05.pdf

  43. Dingel JI, Neiman B. White Paper: How many Jobs can be done from home? Chicago: Becker Friedman Institute, 2020 [citado agosto, 2020]. Disponible en: https://bfi.uchicago.edu/wp-content/uploads/BFI_White- Paper_Dingel_Neiman_3.2020.pdf

  44. Karin O, Bar-On YM, Milo T, Katzir I, Mayo A, Korem Y, et al. Cyclic exit strategies from lockdown to supress COVID-19 and allow economic activity. MedRxiv. 2020. https://doi.org/https://doi. org/10.1101/2020.04.04.20053579

  45. Barkan E, Shilo S, Talmor-Barkan Y. Comparison of SARSCoV- 2 exit strategies building blocks. MedRxiv. 2020. https://doi. org/10.1101/2020.04.23.20072850

  46. Ainge Roy E. Jacinda Ardern flags four-day working week as way to rebuild New Zealand after Covid-19. The Guardian, 2020 [citado agosto, 2020]. Disponible en: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/20/ jacinda-ardern-flags-four-day-working-week-as-way-to-rebuild-new-zealand- after-covid-19

  47. Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts Manufactures and Commerce. Introduce split three-day week to get Britain back to work, RSA urges. London: RSA, 2020 [citado julio, 2020]. Disponible en: https://www. thersa.org/about-us/media/2020/introduce-split-three-day-week-to-getbritain- back-to-work-rsa-urges

  48. He X, Lau EHY, Wu P, Deng X, Wang J, Hao X, et al. Temporal dynamics in viral shedding and transmissibility of COVID-19. Nat Med. 2020;26:672- 5. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0869-5

  49. Lauer SA, Grantz KH, Bi Q, Jones FK, Zheng Q, Meredith HR, et al. The incubation period of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from publicly reported confirmed cases: Estimation and application. Ann Intern Med. 2020;172(9):577-82. https://doi.org/10.7326/M20-0504

  50. Pérez-Ferrer C, López-Olmedo N, Bautista-Arredondo S, Colchero MA, Stern D, Zepeda-Tello R, et al. Apéndice metodológico a: ciclos de trabajo-confinamiento para reducir la transmisión de COVID-19: evidencia y recomendaciones en el contexto de México. Hardvard Dataverse, 2020. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/PHHVRV

  51. Inman P. UK Covid-19 business bailouts have already cost more than 100bn pounds. The Guardian, 2020 [citado agosto, 2020]. Disponible en: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/30/uk-coronavirus-businessbailouts- have-already-cost-more-than-100bn

  52. European Commission. COVID-19: Commission sets out European coordinated response to counter the economic impact of the Coronavirus. [citado agosto, 2020]. Disponible en: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/ presscorner/detail/en/ip_20_459

  53. International Labour Office. Interventions to support enterprises during the COVID-19 pandemic and recovery [citado agosto, 2020]. Disponible en: https://www.ilo.org/empent/areas/covid-19/WCMS_741870/ lang--en/index.htm

  54. Vilar-Compte M, Pérez V, Teruel G, Alonso A, Pérez-Escamilla R. Costing of actions to safeguard vulnerable Mexican households with young children from the consequences of COVID-19 social distancing measures. Int J Equity Health. 2020;19(1):70. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-020- 01187-3

  55. López-Olmedo N, Stern D, Pérez-Ferrer C, González-Morales R, Canto-Osorio F, Barrientos-Gutiérrez T. Revisión rápida: probabilidad de contagio por infecciones respiratorias agudas en el transporte público y medidas para mitigarlo. Salud Publica Mex. 2020. https://doi. org/10.21149/11601

  56. Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía. Viviendas Particulares Habitadas. México: INEGI, 2020 [citado agosto, 2020]. Disponible en: https://www.inegi.org.mx/temas/vivienda/

  57. Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía. Comunicado de prensa num. 251/18: Encuesta Nacional de Hogares 2017. México: INEGI, 2018 [citado agosto, 2020]. Disponible en: https://www.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/ saladeprensa/boletines/2018/EstSociodemo/enh2018_05.pdf

  58. Secretaría de Marina. Centro de aislamiento voluntario por COVID 19. México: Gobierno de México, 2020 [citado agosto, 2020]. Disponible en: https://www.gob.mx/semar/documentos/centro-de-aislamiento-voluntario- por-covid-19

  59. Gobierno de la Ciudad de México. Procedimiento de Apoyo económico a personas enfermas o con síntomas de COVID-19. México: Gobierno de la Ciudad de México, 2020 [citado agosto, 2020]. Disponible en: https:// sibiso.cdmx.gob.mx/apoyo-economico-personas-enfermas-sintomas- COVID19

  60. Instituto Mexicano para la Competitividad. COVID-19: ¿Qué hacen los gobiernos estatales ante la crisis? México: IMCO, 2020 [citado julio, 2020]. Disponible en: https://imco.org.mx/covid-19-que-hacen-los-gobiernosestatales- ante-la-crisis-2/

  61. World Economic Forum. 6 charts that show what employers and employees really think about remote working. World Economic Forum, 2020 [citado agosto, 2020]. Disponible en: https://www.weforum.org/ agenda/2020/06/coronavirus-covid19-remote-working-office-employeesemployers/

  62. International Labour Organization. Practical guide on teleworking during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. Ginebra: International Labour Office, 2020 [citado agosto, 2020]. Disponible en: https://www.ilo. org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---travail/documents/ instructionalmaterial/wcms_751232.pdf

  63. International Labour Office. What are staggered hours schemes? Ginebra: International Labour Office, 2004 [citado agosto, 2020]. Disponible en: https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/--- travail/documents/publication/wcms_170720.pdf

  64. Barrientos-Gutiérrez T, Alpuche-Aranda C, Lazcano-Ponce E, Pérez-Ferrer C, Rivera-Dommarco J. La salud pública en la primera ola: una agenda para la cooperación ante Covid-19. Salud Publica Mex. 2020;62(5):598- 606. https://doi.org/10.21149/11606

  65. Department of Health and Human Services. Guidance on preparing workplaces for COVID-19. Washington: Occupational Safety and Health Act, 2020 [citado Agosto 2020]. Disponible en: https://www.osha.gov/ Publications/OSHA3990.pdf

  66. Secretaría del Trabajo y Previsión Social. Guía de acción para los centros de trabajo ante el COVID-19. México: Secretaría del Trabajo y Previsión Social, 2020 [citado agosto, 2020]. Disponible en: https://www.gob.mx/cms/ uploads/attachment/file/548062/GUI_A_DE_ACCIO_N_PARA_LOS_ CENTROS_DE_TRABAJO_ANTE_EL_COVID-19_24_04_20_VF.pdf




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