medigraphic.com
Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública

2020, Number 6

<< Back Next >>

salud publica mex 2020; 62 (6)

Analysis of the national distribution of lead poisoning in 1-4 year-old children. Implications for Mexican public policy

Tellez-Rojo MM, Bautista-Arredondo LF, Trejo-Valdivia B, Tamayo-Ortiz M, Estrad-Sánchez D, Kraiem R, Pantic I, Mercado-García A, Romero-Martínez M, Shamah-Levy T, Fuller R, Cantoral A

Language: Spanish
References: 40
Page: 627-636
PDF size: 365.81 Kb.


ABSTRACT

Objective. To estimate de magnitude of Pb poisoning (≥5µg/dL blood) in 1-4 year old children and to identify the contribution of lead-glazed ceramics use (LGC) as a source of exposure in the 32 Mexican states. Materials and methods. Using the results from a sample of capillary blood lead (BPb) we estimated the prevalence of Pb poisoning, it’s association with LGC and national distribution. Results. The national prevalence of Pb poisoning was 17.4% representing 1.4 million children. The prevalence was 30.7% among LGC users and 11.8% in non-users. In 17 states the prevalence of Pb poisoning was ≥10%, in 11 states between 5-10%, and in 4 states ‹5%. Conclusions. There is a geographic differential distribution of the problem; confirming the association with LGC and estimating the contribution of other Pb exposure sources. This information offers a guide to implement prevention and control actions in Mexico.


REFERENCES

  1. Caravanos J, Dowling R, Téllez-Rojo MM, Cantoral A, Kobrosly R, Estrada D, et al. Blood lead levels in Mexico and pediatric burden of disease implications. Ann Glob Heal. 2014;80(4):269-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. aogh.2014.08.002

  2. Téllez-Rojo MM, Bautista-Arredondo LF, Trejo-Valdivia B, Cantoral A, Estrada-Sánchez D, Kraiem R, et al. Reporte nacional de niveles de plomo en sangre y uso de barro vidriado en población infantil vulnerable. Salud Publica Mex. 2019;61(6):787-97. https://doi.org/10.21149/10555

  3. Consejo de Salubridad General. Programa de acción de aplicación inmediata para el control de la exposición a plomo en México. México: CSG, 2019 [citado mayo 13, 2020]. Disponible en: http://www.csg.gob.mx/ descargas/MundoQuimico/Acuerdo_CSG_Plomo_Final-12_feb_2020- 10pm.pdf

  4. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Toxicological profile for Lead. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [internet]. 2019 [citado mayo 13, 2019]. Disponible en: https://www.atsdr. cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp13.pdf

  5. Reuben A, Caspi A, Belsky DW, Broadbent J, Harrington H, Sugden K, et al. Association of childhood blood-lead levels with cognitive function and socioeconomic status at age 38 and with IQ changes and socioeconomic mobility between childhood and adulthood. JAMA. 2017;317(12):1244-51. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.1712

  6. Romero-Martínez M, Shamah-Levy T, Vielma-Orozco E, Heredia-Hernández O, Mojica-Cuevas J, Cuevas-Nasu L, Rivera-Dommarco J. Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2018-19: metodología y perspectivas. Salud Publica Mex. 2019;61(6):917-23. https://doi.org/10.21149/11095

  7. Magellan Diagnostics. LeadCare II Blood Lead Analyzer User’s Guide. Massachusetts: Magellan Diagnostics, Inc, 2019 [citado mayo 13, 2020]. Disponible en: https://www.magellandx.com/uploads/2019/11/6.-70-6551_ LeadCare-II-Users-Guide_Rev-09_Final_Updated.pdf

  8. Secretaría de Gobernación. Modificación de los numerales 3, 6.1, tabla 1, así como los numerales 1 y 1.1.10, del Apéndice A, de la Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-199-SSA1-2000, Salud ambiental. Niveles de plomo en sangre y acciones como criterios para proteger la salud de la población expuesta no ocupacionalmente, publicada el 18 de octubre de 2002. México: Diario Oficial de la Federación, 2017. Disponible en: http://dof.gob.mx/ nota_detalle.php?codigo=5495551&fecha=30/08/2017

  9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Biomonitoring Summary. Atlanta: CDC, 2017 [citado mayo 13, 2020]. Disponible en: https://www. cdc.gov/biomonitoring/Lead_BiomonitoringSummary.html

  10. Kordas K. The “Lead Diet”: Can dietary approaches prevent or treat lead exposure? J Pediatr. 2017;185:224-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jpeds.2017.01.069

  11. Tellez-Rojo MM, Arredondo-Bautista LF, Trejo-Valdivia B, Tamayo- Ortiz M, Estrada-Sánchez D, Kraeim R, et al. Prevalencia de niveles de intoxicación por estado y grupos de estados. ENSANUT 2018-19, México. Disponible en: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1QMtMG53qTIrKatLR0_ OQw07qheViDgG4

  12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Blood lead levels in children. Atlanta: CDC, 2019 [citado mayo, 2020]. Disponible en: https:// www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/prevention/blood-lead-levels.htm

  13. World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe. Blood lead levels in children. Copenhagen: European Environment and Health Information System, 2007 [citado mayo 13, 2020]. Disponible en: http://www. euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/97447/4.5.pdf?ua=1

  14. World Health Organization. Regional Office for Africa. Lead exposure in African children: contemporary sources and concerns. Brazzaville: WHO Regional Office for Africa, 2015 [citado mayo 14, 2020]. Disponible en: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/200168/9780869707876. pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

  15. Lanphear BP, Hornung R, Khoury J, Yolton K, Baghurst P, Bellinger DC, et al. Low-level environmental lead exposure and children’s intellectual function: An international pooled analysis. Environ Health Perspect. 2005;113(7):894-9. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.7688

  16. Rana SV. Perspectives in endocrine toxicity of heavy metals–a review. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2014;160(1):1-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011- 014-0023-7

  17. Zhai H, Chen C, Wang N, Chen Y, Nie X, Han B, et al. Blood lead level is associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in the Yangtze River Delta region of China in the context of rapid urbanization. Environ Health. 2017;16(1):93. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-017-0304-7

  18. Lanphear BP, Rauch S, Auinger P, Allen RW, Hornung RW. Low-level lead exposure and mortality in US adults: a population-based cohort study. Lancet Public Health. 2018;3(4):e177-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S2468-2667(18)30025-2

  19. Attina TM, Trasande L. Economic costs of childhood lead exposure in low- and middle-income countries. Environ Health Perspect. 2013;121(9):1097-102. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1206424

  20. Romieu I, Palazuelos E, Hernández-Ávila M, Ríos C, Muñoz I, Jimenez C, Cahero G. Sources of lead exposure in Mexico City. Environ Health Perspect. 1994;102(4):384-9. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.94102384

  21. Rojas-López M, Santos-Burgoa C, Ríos C, Hernández-Avila M, Romieu I. Use of lead-glazed ceramics is the main factor associated to high lead in blood levels in two Mexican rural communities. J Toxicol Environ Health. 1994;42(1):45-52. https://doi.org/10.1080/15287399409531862

  22. Rothenberg JS, Schnaas AL, Pérez-Guerrero IA, Hernández-Cervantes R, Martínez-Medina S, Perroni-Hernández E. Factores relacionados con el nivel de plomo en sangre en niños de 6 a 30 meses de edad en el estudio prospectivo de plomo en la Ciudad de México. Salud Publica Mex.1993;35(6):593-8 [citado julio 15, 2020]. Disponible en: http://saludpublica. mx/index.php/spm/article/view/5705/6270

  23. Angelon-Gaetz KA, Klaus C, Chaudhry EA, Bean DK. Lead in spices, herbal remedies, and ceremonial powders sampled from home investigations for children with elevated blood lead levels - North Carolina, 2011-2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018;67(46):1290-4. https:// doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6746a2

  24. Blacksmith Institute, Fondo Nacional para el Fomento de las Artesanías. Uso de plomo en la alfarería en México. México: Blacksmith Institute/ Fonart, 2010 [citado mayo 14, 2020]. Disponible en: http://alfareria.org/ sites/default/files/images/InformePbAlfareria2010.pdf

  25. Vázquez-Bahéna AB, Talavera-Mendoza O, Moreno-Godínez ME, Salgado- Souto SA, Ruiz J, Huerta-Beristain G. Source apportionment of lead in the blood of women of reproductive age living near tailings in Taxco, Guerrero, Mexico: An isotopic study. Sci Total Environ. 2017;583:104-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.030

  26. Guevara-García JA, Montiel-Corona V. Used battery collection in central Mexico: metal content, legislative/management situation and statistical analysis. J Environ Manage. 2012;95(suppl 1):S154-7. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.09.019

  27. Cruz-Sotelo SE, Ojeda-Benítez S, Jáuregui-Sesma J, Velázquez-Victorica KI, Santillán-Soto N, García-Cueto OR, et al. Waste Supply Chain in Mexico: Challenges and Opportunities for Sustainable Management. Sustainability. 2017;9(4):503. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040503

  28. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Lead in foods, cosmetics, and medicines. Atlanta: CDC, 2019 [citado mayo 14, 2020]. Disponible en: https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/prevention/sources/foods-cosmeticsmedicines. htm

  29. Tamayo y Ortiz M, Téllez-Rojo MM, Hu H, Hernández-Ávila M, Wright R, Amarasiriwardena C, et al. Lead in candy consumed and blood lead levels of children living in Mexico City. Environ Res. 2016;147:497-502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2016.03.007

  30. Narváez Porras O, Cano Valle F. Cenizas volcánicas: contaminación ambiental. Rev Inst Nal Enf Resp Mex. 2004;17(3): 232-8 [citado julio 15, 2020]. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_artte xt&pid=S0187-75852004000300009

  31. Morales-García SS, Rodríguez-Espinosa PF, Shruti VC, Jonathan MP, Martínez-Tavera E. Metal concentrations in aquatic environments of Puebla River basin, Mexico: natural and industrial influences. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2017;24(3):2589-604. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-8004-3

  32. Manzanares-Acuña E, Vega-Carrillo HR, Salas-Luévano MA, Hernández- Dávila VM, Letechipía-de León C, Bañuelos-Valenzuela R. Niveles de plomo en la población de alto riesgo y su entorno en San Ignacio, Fresnillo, Zacatecas, México. Salud Publica Mex. 2006;48(3):212-9. https://saludpublica. mx/index.php/spm/article/view/6690/8331

  33. Costilla-Salazar R, Rocha-Amador D, Ruiz-Vera T, Cruz-Jiménez G, Espinosa-Reyes G, Morales-López G, et al. Biomonitoring of a population residing near to mine tailings in Guanajuato, Mexico. Rev Int Contam Ambie. 2020;36(2):241-8. https://doi.org/10.20937/RICA.53021

  34. Moreno-Tovar R, Téllez-Hernández J, Monroy-Fernández MG. Influencia de los minerales de los jales en la bioaccesibilidad de arsénico, plomo, zinc y cadmio en el distrito minero Zimapán, México. Rev Int Contam Ambie. 2012;28(3):203-18 [citado julio 15, 2020]. Disponible en: https:// www.revistascca.unam.mx/rica/index.php/rica/article/view/32533/30330

  35. Jasso-Pineda Y, Espinosa-Reyes G, González-Mille D, Razo-Soto I, Carrizales L, Torres-Dosal A, et al. An integrated health risk assessment approach to the study of mining sites contaminated with arsenic and lead. Integr Environ Assess Manag. 2007;3(3):344-50. https://doi.org/10.1002/ ieam.5630030305

  36. Cabral-Tena RA, Córdova A, López-Galindo F, Morales-Aranda AA, Reyes- Mata A, Soler-Aburto A, Horta-Puga G. Distribution of the bioavailable and total content of copper and lead, in river sediments of the Jamapa- Atoyac fluvial system, Mexico. Environ Monit Assess. 2019;191(4):214. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7353-z

  37. Rangel-Peraza JG, de Anda J, González-Farías FA, Rode M, Sanhouse- García A, Bustos-Terrones YA. Assessment of heavy metals in sediment of Aguamilpa Dam, Mexico. Environ Monit Assess. 2015;187(3):134. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s10661-015-4359-z

  38. Meza-Figueroa D, González-Grijalva B, Romero F, Ruiz J, Pedroza-Montero M, Rivero CI, et al. Source apportionment and environmental fate of lead chromates in atmospheric dust in arid environments. Sci Total Environ. 2018;630:1596-607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.285

  39. Ochoa-Martinez AC, Orta-Garcia ST, Rico-Escobar EM, Carrizales- Yañez L, Del Campo JD, Pruneda-Alvarez LG, et al. Exposure assessment to environmental chemicals in children from Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, Mexico. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2016;70(4):657-70. https://doi. org/10.1007/s00244-016-0273-9

  40. Advisory Committee on Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Low level lead exposure harms children: A renewed call for primary prevention. Atlanta, GA: ACCLPP, 2012.




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com