medigraphic.com
ISSN 2500-7106 (Electronic)
ISSN 0123-2576 (Print)
Medicina & Laboratorio

2013, Number 11-12

<< Back Next >>

Medicina & Laboratorio 2013; 19 (11-12)

PFA-100: a platelet function test as a substitute for the bleeding time

Campuzano-Maya, Germán

Language: Spanish
References: 184
Page: 511-548
PDF size: 1756.84 Kb.


ABSTRACT

Platelet Function Analyzer (PFA) is a new tool for the investigation of primary hemostasis. It was introduced in the clinical laboratory since 1995 and is currently available as diagnostic tests. The PFA is based on an instrument (PFA-100 and PFA-200), which simulates the blood flow, and two cartridges containing membranes impregnated with collagen/epinephrine and collagen/ADP, which simulate the tissue. From a technical point of view, the test is an In vitro equivalent to In vivo test known as bleeding time. The PFA-100 can be used in different medical situations: as a screening test of platelet dysfunction either congenital or acquired, as a diagnostic test in the case of aspirin and clopidogrel resistance, as a screening test in the case of follow-up of patients with von Willebrand disease undergoing treatment with desmopressin, as quality control test in blood bank, in the case of platelet transfusions; and as a legal-medical test in the differential diagnosis of hematological diseases with mucocutaneous manifestations and child abuse, among many other indications. The bleeding time has become an outdated test, it is not recommended in clinical practice by organizations as the College of American Pathologists and the American Society for Clinical Pathology, and should be removed from clinical laboratories services. There are enough evidence that the PFA-100, in addition to being a noninvasive test, can replace the bleeding time with better analytical indicators, such as sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value in the suspected of platelet function disorders. In this module is presented to the medical community and clinical laboratory professionals a new test for platelet function analysis with emphasis in the daily medical practice and technical issues in the clinical laboratory when it is offer as a new test.


REFERENCES

  1. Favaloro EJ, Mohammed S. Platelet function testing: auditing local practice and broader implications. Clin Lab Sci 2010;23:21-31.

  2. Guevara-Arismendy NM, Escobar-Gallo GE, Campuzano-Maya G. Utilidad clínica de la agregometría plaquetaria. Medicina & Laboratorio 2012;18:311-332.

  3. Franchini M. The platelet-function analyzer (PFA-100) for evaluating primary hemostasis. Hematology 2005;10:177-181.

  4. Peterson P, Hayes TE, Arkin CF, Bovill EG, Fairweather RB, Rock WA, Jr., et al. The preoperative bleeding time test lacks clinical benefit: College of American Pathologists’ and Ameri can Society of Clinical Pathologists’ position article. Arch Surg 1998;133:134-139.

  5. Homoncik M, Jilma B, Hergovich N, Stohlawetz P, Panzer S, Speiser W. Monitoring of aspirin (ASA) pharmacodynamics with the platelet function analyzer PFA-100. Thrombosis and Haemostasis 2000;83:316-321.

  6. Feuring M, Schultz A, Losel R, Wehling M. Monitoring acetylsalicylic acid effects with the platelet function analyzer PFA-100. Seminars in thrombosis and Hemostasis 2005;31:411-415.

  7. Fitzgerald DJ, Maree A. Aspirin and clopidogrel resistance. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2007;114-120.

  8. Geiger J, Teichmann L, Grossmann R, Aktas B, Steigerwald U, Walter U, et al. Monitoring of clopidogrel action: comparison of methods. Clin Chem 2005;51:957-965.

  9. Feher G, Feher A, Pusch G, Koltai K, Tibold A, Gasztonyi B, et al. Clinical importance of aspirin and clopidogrel resistance. World Journal of Cardiology 2010;2:171-186.

  10. Koessler J, Ehrenschwender M, Kobsar A, Brunner K. Evaluation of the new INNOVANCE(R) PFA P2Y cartridge in patients with impaired primary haemostasis. Platelets 2012;23:571-578.

  11. Jang J, Lim J, Chang K, Kim Y, Kim M, Park HI, et al. A comparison of INNOVANCE(R) PFA P2Y and VerifyNow P2Y12 assay for the assessment of clopidogrel resistance in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. J Clin Lab Anal 2012;26:262-266.

  12. Dovlatova NL, Jakubowski JA, Sugidachi A, Heptinstall S. The reversible P2Y antagonist cangrelor influences the ability of the active metabolites of clopidogrel and prasugrel to produce irreversible inhibition of platelet function. J Thromb Haemost 2008;6:1153-1159.

  13. Jakubowski JA, Li YG, Small DS, Payne CD, Tomlin ME, Luo J, et al. A comparison of the VerifyNow P2Y12 point-of-care device and light transmission aggregometry to monitor platelet function with prasugrel and clopidogrel: an integrated analysis. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2010;56:29-37.

  14. James S, Budaj A, Aylward P, Buck KK, Cannon CP, Cornel JH, et al. Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in acute coronary syndromes in relation to renal function: results from the Platelet Inhibition and Patient Outcomes (PLATO) trial. Circulation 2010;122:1056-1067.

  15. Favaloro EJ. Clinical application of the PFA-100. Current opinion in hematology 2002;9:407- 415.

  16. White GC, Marder VJ, Schulman S, Aird WC, Bennett JS. Overview of basic coagulation and fibrinolysis. In: Hemostasis and thrombosis. Basic principles and clinical practice, edited by Marder VJ, Aird WC, Bennett JS, Schulman S, White GC. Philadelphia, PA, USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013, p. 103-109.

  17. Calverley DC. Platelet function in hemostasis and thrombosis. In: Wintrobe´s Clinical Hematology, edited by Greer JP, Arber DA, Glader B, List AF, Means RTJ, Paraskevas F, et al. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013, p. 411-427.

  18. Brummel-Ziedins KE, Orfeo T, Everse SJ, Mann KG. Blood coagulation and fibrinolysis. In: Wintrobe´s Clinical Hematology, edited by Greer JP, Arber DA, Glader B, List AF, Means RTJ, Paraskevas F, et al. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013, p. 428-497.

  19. Kunicki TJ, Nugent DJ. Qualitative disorders of platelet function. In: Wintrobe´s Clinical Hematology, edited by Greer JP, Arber DA, Glader B, List AF, Means RTJ, Paraskevas F, et al. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013, p. 1128-1142.

  20. Duke WW. The relation of blood platelets to hemorrhagic disease. Description of a method for determining the bleeding time and coagulation time and report of three cases of hemorrhagic disease relieved by transfusion. JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association 1910;55:1185.

  21. Harker LA, Slichter SJ. The bleeding time as a screening test for evaluation of platelet function. N Engl J Med 1972;287:155-159.

  22. Francis J, Francis D, Larson L, Helms E, Garcia M. Can the Platelet Function Analyzer (PFA)- 100 test substitute for the template bleeding time in routine clinical practice? Platelets 1999;10:132-136.

  23. Proctor RR, Rapaport SI. The partial thromboplastin time with kaolin. A simple screening test for first stage plasma clotting factor deficiencies. Am J Clin Pathol 1961;36:212-219.

  24. Zhou L, Schmaier AH. Platelet aggregation testing in platelet-rich plasma: description of procedures with the aim to develop standards in the field. Am J Clin Pathol 2005;123:172- 183.

  25. Michelson AD. Flow cytometry: a clinical test of platelet function. Blood 1996;87:4925-4936.

  26. Michelson AD, Frelinger AL, 3rd, Furman MI. Current options in platelet function testing. Am J Cardiol 2006;98:4N-10N.

  27. Pakala R, Waksman R. Currently available methods for platelet function analysis: advantages and disadvantages. Cardiovascular Revascularization Medicine : including molecular interventions 2011;12:312-322.

  28. Campuzano-Maya G. Del hemograma manual al hemograma de cuarta generación. Medicina & Laboratorio 2007;13:511-550.

  29. White JG. Electron microscopy methods for studying platelet structure and function. Methods Mol Biol 2004;272:47-63.

  30. Furie B, Furie BC. Thrombus formation in vivo. J Clin Invest 2005;115:3355-3362.

  31. Weibel ER, Palade GE. New Cytoplasmic Components in Arterial Endothelia. J Cell Biol 1964;23:101-112.

  32. Rivera J, Lozano ML, Vicente V. In vitro changes of platelet parameters: lessons from blood banking. Methods Mol Biol 2004;273:57-72.

  33. Crosby D, Poole AW. Platelet dense-granule secretion: the [3H]-5-HT secretion assay. Methods Mol Biol 2004;272:95-96.

  34. Hartert H. [Thrombelastography, a method for physical analysis of blood coagulation]. Z Gesamte Exp Med 1951;117:189-203.

  35. De Nicola P, Mazzetti GM. Evaluation of thrombelastography. Am J Clin Pathol 1955;23:447- 452.

  36. Kundu S, Sio R, Mitu A, Ostgaard R. Evaluation of platelet function by PFA-100TM. Clin Chem 1994;40:1827-1828.

  37. Kundu SK, Heilmann EJ, Sio R, Garcia C, Davidson RM, Ostgaard RA. Description of an in vitro platelet function analyzer--PFA-100. Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis 1995;21 Suppl 2:106-112.

  38. Kundu SK, Heilmann EJ, Sio R, Garcia C, Ostgaard RA. Characterization of an in vitro platelet function analyzer, PFA-100. Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis : official journal of the International Academy of Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis 1996;21:241- 249.

  39. Kratzer MA, Bellucci S, Caen JP. Detection of abnormal platelet functions with an in vitro model of primary haemostasis. Haemostasis 1985;15:363-370.

  40. Kratzer MA, Born GV. Simulation of primary haemostasis in vitro. Haemostasis 1985;15:357-362.

  41. Kretschmer V, Schikor B, Sohngen D, Dietrich G. In vitro bleeding test--a simple method for the detection of aspirin effects on platelet function. Thromb Res 1989;56:593-602.

  42. Harrison P, Lordkipanidze M. Clinical test of platelet function. In: Platelets, edited by Michelson AD. London: Academic Press, 2013, p. 519-557.

  43. Jilma B. Platelet function analyzer (PFA-100): a tool to quantify congenital or acquired platelet dysfunction. The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 2001;138:152-163.

  44. Linnemann B, Schwonberg J, Rechner AR, Mani H, Lindhoff-Last E. Assessment of clopidogrel non-response by the PFA-100 system using the new test cartridge INNOVANCE PFA P2Y. Annals of Hematology 2010;89:597-605.

  45. Mammen EF, Alshameeri RS, Comp PC. Preliminary data from a field trial of the PFA-100 system. Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis 1995;21 Suppl 2:113-121.

  46. Bock M, De Haan J, Beck KH, Gutensohn K, Hertfelder HJ, Karger R, et al. Standardization of the PFA-100(R) platelet function test in 105 mmol/l buffered citrate: effect of gender, smoking, and oral contraceptives. British Journal of Haematology 1999;106:898-904.

  47. Koessler J, Kobsar AL, Rajkovic MS, Schafer A, Flierl U, Pfoertsch S, et al. The new INNOVANCE(R) PFA P2Y cartridge is sensitive to the detection of the P2Y receptor inhibition. Platelets 2011;22:19-25.

  48. Moeller A, Weippert-Kretschmer M, Prinz H, Kretschmer V. Influence of ABO blood groups on primary hemostasis. Transfusion 2001;41:56-60.

  49. Marques MB, Anastasi J, Ashwood E, Baron B, Fitzgerald R, Fung M, et al. The clinical pathologist as consultant. Am J Clin Pathol 2011;135:11-12.

  50. Cattaneo M, Federici AB, Lecchi A, Agati B, Lombardi R, Stabile F, et al. Evaluation of the PFA-100 system in the diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of patients with von Willebrand disease. Thrombosis and Haemostasis 1999;82:35-39.

  51. Kerenyi A, Schlammadinger A, Ajzner E, Szegedi I, Kiss C, Pap Z, et al. Comparison of PFA- 100 closure time and template bleeding time of patients with inherited disorders causing defective platelet function. Thrombosis Research 1999;96:487-492.

  52. Schlammadinger A, Kerenyi A, Muszbek L, Boda Z. Comparison of the O’Brien filter test and the PFA-100 platelet analyzer in the laboratory diagnosis of von Willebrand’s disease. Thrombosis and Haemostasis 2000;84:88-92.

  53. Dean JA, Blanchette VS, Carcao MD, Stain AM, Sparling CR, Siekmann J, et al. von Willebrand disease in a pediatric-based population--comparison of type 1 diagnostic criteria and use of the PFA-100 and a von Willebrand factor/ collagen-binding assay. Thrombosis and Haemostasis 2000;84:401-409.

  54. Nitu-Whalley IC, Lee CA, Hermans C. Reassessment of the correlation between the von Willebrand Factor activity, the PFA-100, and the bleeding time in patients with von Willebrand disease. Thrombosis and Haemostasis 2001;86:715-716.

  55. Cariappa R, Wilhite TR, Parvin CA, Luchtman- Jones L. Comparison of PFA-100 and bleeding time testing in pediatric patients with suspected hemorrhagic problems. Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology : official journal of the American Society of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology 2003;25:474-479.

  56. Posan E, McBane RD, Grill DE, Motsko CL, Nichols WL. Comparison of PFA-100 testing and bleeding time for detecting platelet hypofunction and von Willebrand disease in clinical practice. Thrombosis and Haemostasis 2003;90:483-490.

  57. Philipp CS, Miller CH, Faiz A, Dilley A, Michaels LA, Ayers C, et al. Screening women with menorrhagia for underlying bleeding disorders: the utility of the platelet function analyser and bleeding time. Haemophilia 2005;11:497-503.

  58. Arrieta Blanco JJ, Bartolome Villar B, Juzgado A, Mourelle Martinez R. Assessment of PFA- 100 system for the measurement of bleeding time in oral surgery. Medicina oral, patologia oral y cirugia bucal 2006;11:E514-519.

  59. Podda GM, Bucciarelli P, Lussana F, Lecchi A, Cattaneo M. Usefulness of PFA-100 testing in the diagnostic screening of patients with suspected abnormalities of hemostasis: comparison with the bleeding time. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis : JTH 2007;5:2393-2398.

  60. Ng KF, Lawmin JC, Tsang SF, Tang WM, Chiu KY. Value of a single preoperative PFA-100 measurement in assessing the risk of bleeding in patients taking cyclooxygenase inhibitors and undergoing total knee replacement. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;102:779-784.

  61. Jambor C, von Pape KW, Spannagl M, Dietrich W, Giebl A, Weisser H. Multiple electrode whole blood aggregometry, PFA-100, and in vivo bleeding time for the point-of-care assessment of aspirin-induced platelet dysfunction in the preoperative setting. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2011;113:31-39.

  62. Chen F, Maridakis V, O’Neill E A, Beals C, Radziszewski W, de Lepeleire I, et al. A randomized clinical trial comparing point-of-care platelet function assays and bleeding time in healthy subjects treated with aspirin or clopidogrel. Platelets 2011.

  63. Koscielny J, von Tempelhoff GF, Ziemer S, Radtke H, Schmutzler M, Sinha P, et al. A practical concept for preoperative management of patients with impaired primary hemostasis. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2004;10:155-166.

  64. Harrison P. The role of PFA-100 testing in the investigation and management of haemostatic defects in children and adults. British Journal of Haematology 2005;130:3-10.

  65. Lehman CM, Blaylock RC, Alexander DP, Rodgers GM. Discontinuation of the bleeding time test without detectable adverse clinical impact. Clin Chem 2001;47:1204-1211.

  66. Lind SE. The bleeding time does not predict surgical bleeding. Blood 1991;77:2547-2552.

  67. Harrison P, Mumford A. Screening tests of platelet function: update on their appropriate uses for diagnostic testing. Semin Thromb Hemost 2009;35:150-157.

  68. Koscielny J, Ziemer S, Radtke H, Schmutzler M, Pruss A, Sinha P, et al. A practical concept for preoperative identification of patients with impaired primary hemostasis. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2004;10:195-204.

  69. Buyukasik Y, Karakus S, Goker H, Haznedaroglu IC, Ozatli D, Sayinalp N, et al. Rational use of the PFA-100 device for screening of platelet function disorders and von Willebrand disease. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2002;13:349-353.

  70. Harrison P, Robinson M, Liesner R, Khair K, Cohen H, Mackie I, et al. The PFA-100: a potential rapid screening tool for the assessment of platelet dysfunction. Clinical and Laboratory Haematology 2002;24:225-232.

  71. Cattaneo M. Are the bleeding time and PFA-100 useful in the initial screening of patients with mucocutaneous bleedings of hereditary nature? Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis : JTH 2004;2:890-891.

  72. Roschitz B, Thaller S, Koestenberger M, Wirnsberger A, Leschnik B, Fritsch P, et al. PFA-100 closure times in preoperative screening in 500 pediatric patients. Thrombosis and Haemostasis 2007;98:243-247.

  73. Acharya S, Barraclough J, Ibrahim MS, Oxby C, Jones SE, Parapia L, et al. The usefulness of the platelet function analyser (PFA-100) in screening for underlying bleeding disorders in women with menorrhagia. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology : the journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2008;28:310-314.

  74. Karger R, Reuter K, Rohlfs J, Nimsky C, Sure U, Kretschmer V. The Platelet Function Analyzer (PFA-100) as a screening tool in neurosurgery. ISRN Hematol 2012;2012:839242.

  75. Sap F, Kavakli T, Kavakli K, Dizdarer C. The prevalence of von Willebrand Disease and significance of in vitro bleeding time (PFA-100) in von Willebrand Disease screening in the Izmir Region. Turk J Haematol 2013;30:40-47.

  76. Favaloro EJ, Facey D, Henniker A. Use of a novel platelet function analyzer (PFA-100) with high sensitivity to disturbances in von Willebrand factor to screen for von Willebrand’s disease and other disorders. American journal of hematology 1999;62:165-174.

  77. Stasik CJ. Principles, Indications, and Limitations of the Platelet Function Analyzer. College of American Pathologists. 2006. Disponible en http://www.cap.org/apps/cap. portal?_nfpb=true&cntvwrPtlt_actionOverride =%2Fportlets%2FcontentViewer%2Fshow&cnt vwrPtlt%7BactionForm.contentReference%7D= newspath%2F0608%2FPlatelet_Function_Analyzer. html&_pageLabel=cntvwr.

  78. Practice bulletin no. 128: diagnosis of abnormal uterine bleeding in reproductive-aged women. Obstet Gynecol 2012;120:197-206.

  79. Bradlow J, Coulter A, Brooks P. Patterns of referral. Oxford: Health Services Research Unit. 1992.

  80. Oehler MK, Rees MC. Menorrhagia: an update. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2003;82:405-422.

  81. Kadir RA, Economides DL, Sabin CA, Owens D, Lee CA. Frequency of inherited bleeding disorders in women with menorrhagia. Lancet 1998;351:485-489.

  82. Pesicka DR. von Willebrand’s disease: a common cause of menorrhagia. JAAPA 2004;17:40- 44.

  83. Kujovich JL. von Willebrand’s disease and menorrhagia: prevalence, diagnosis, and management. Am J Hematol 2005;79:220-228.

  84. Miller CH, Philipp CS, Stein SF, Kouides PA, Lukes AS, Heit JA, et al. The spectrum of haemostatic characteristics of women with unexplained menorrhagia. Haemophilia : the official journal of the World Federation of Hemophilia 2011;17:e223-229.

  85. James AH, Lukes AS, Brancazio LR, Thames E, Ortel TL. Use of a new platelet function analyzer to detect von Willebrand disease in women with menorrhagia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004;191:449-455.

  86. Rose SS, Faiz A, Miller CH, Saidi P, Philipp CS. Laboratory response to intranasal desmopressin in women with menorrhagia and platelet dysfunction. Haemophilia 2008;14:571-578.

  87. Sidonio RF, Jr., Smith KJ, Ragni MV. Cost-utility analysis of von Willebrand disease screening in adolescents with menorrhagia. J Pediatr 2010;157:456-460, 460 e451.

  88. American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Committee Opinion: number 263, December 2001. Von Willebrand’s disease in gynecologic practice. Obstet Gynecol 2001;98:1185-1186.

  89. American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 451: Von Willebrand disease in women. Obstet Gynecol 2009;114:1439-1443.

  90. Hayward CP, Harrison P, Cattaneo M, Ortel TL, Rao AK. Platelet function analyzer (PFA)-100 closure time in the evaluation of platelet disorders and platelet function. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis : JTH 2006;4:312-319.

  91. Carcao MD, Blanchette VS, Dean JA, He L, Kern MA, Stain AM, et al. The Platelet Function Analyzer (PFA-100): a novel in-vitro system for evaluation of primary haemostasis in children. British Journal of Haematology 1998;101:70-73.

  92. Rand ML, Carcao MD, Blanchette VS. Use of the PFA-100 in the assessment of primary, platelet-related hemostasis in a pediatric setting. Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis 1998;24:523-529.

  93. Streif W, Knofler R, Eberl W. Inherited disorders of platelet function in pediatric clinical practice: a diagnostic challenge. Klin Padiatr 2010;222:203-208.

  94. Favaloro EJ. Template bleeding time and PFA- 100 have low sensitivity to screen patients with hereditary mucocutaneous hemorrhages: comparative study of 148 patients--a rebuttal. Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH 2004;2:2280-2282; author reply 2283-2285.

  95. Harrison P. Platelet function analysis. Blood Rev 2005;19:111-123.

  96. Minford AM, Richards EM. Excluding medical and haematological conditions as a cause of bruising in suspected non-accidental injury. Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed 2010;95:2-8.

  97. Fressinaud E, Veyradier A, Truchaud F, Martin I, Boyer-Neumann C, Trossaert M, et al. Screening for von Willebrand disease with a new analyzer using high shear stress: a study of 60 cases. Blood 1998;91:1325-1331.

  98. Sharathkumar AA, Shapiro AD. Trastornos de la función plaquetaria. Federación Mundial de Hemofilia 2008;1-28.

  99. Fressinaud E, Veyradier A, Sigaud M, Boyer- Neumann C, Le Boterff C, Meyer D. Therapeutic monitoring of von Willebrand disease: interest and limits of a platelet function analyser at high shear rates. Br J Haematol 1999;106:777-783.

  100. Mammen EF, Comp PC, Gosselin R, Greenberg C, Hoots WK, Kessler CM, et al. PFA-100 system: a new method for assessment of platelet dysfunction. Seminars in thrombosis and hemostasis 1998;24:195-202.

  101. Favaloro EJ. Clinical utility of the PFA-100. Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis 2008;34:709-733.

  102. Boccardo P, Remuzzi G, Galbusera M. Platelet dysfunction in renal failure. Semin Thromb Hemost 2004;30:579-589.

  103. Kaw D, Malhotra D. Platelet dysfunction and end-stage renal disease. Semin Dial 2006;19:317-322.

  104. Mezzano D, Tagle R, Panes O, Perez M, Downey P, Munoz B, et al. Hemostatic disorder of uremia: the platelet defect, main determinant of the prolonged bleeding time, is correlated with indices of activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis. Thromb Haemost 1996;76:312-321.

  105. Noris M, Remuzzi G. Uremic bleeding: closing the circle after 30 years of controversies? Blood 1999;94:2569-2574.

  106. Ho SJ, Gemmell R, Brighton TA. Platelet function testing in uraemic patients. Hematology 2008;13:49-58.

  107. Bilgin AU, Karadogan I, Artac M, Kizilors A, Bligin R, Undar L. Hemodialysis shortens long in vitro closure times as measured by the PFA-100. Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research 2007;13:CR141-145.

  108. Knehtl M, Ponikvar R, Buturovic-Ponikvar J. Platelet-related hemostasis before and after hemodialysis with five different anticoagulation methods. Int J Artif Organs 2013;36:717-724.

  109. Islam N, Fulop T, Zsom L, Miller E, Mire CD, Lebrun CJ, et al. Do platelet function analyzer-100 testing results correlate with bleeding events after percutaneous renal biopsy? Clinical nephrology 2010;73:229-237.

  110. Ertug Z, Celik U, Hadimioglu N, Dinckan A, Ozdem S. The assessment of PFA-100 test for the estimation of blood loss in renal transplantation operation. Annals of transplantation : quarterly of the Polish Transplantation Society 2010;15:46-52.

  111. Thomas S, Katbab H, abu Fanas SH. Do preoperative cutaneous bleeding time tests predict the outcome of intraoral surgical bleeding? Int Dent J 2010;60:305-310.

  112. Hanebutt FL, Rolf N, Loesel A, Kuhlisch E, Siegert G, Knoefler R. Evaluation of desmopressin effects on haemostasis in children with congenital bleeding disorders. Haemophilia 2008;14:524-530.

  113. van Vliet HH, Kappers-Klunne MC, Leebeek FW, Michiels JJ. PFA-100 monitoring of von Willebrand factor (VWF) responses to desmopressin (DDAVP) and factor VIII/VWF concentrate substitution in von Willebrand disease type 1 and 2. Thrombosis and Haemostasis 2008;100:462- 468.

  114. Ying CL, Tsang SF, Ng KF. The potential use of desmopressin to correct hypothermiainduced impairment of primary haemostasis- -an in vitro study using PFA-100. Resuscitation 2008;76:129-133.

  115. Favaloro EJ, Thom J, Patterson D, Just S, Baccala M, Dixon T, et al. Potential supplementary utility of combined PFA-100 and functional von Willebrand factor testing for the laboratory assessment of desmopressin and factor concentrate therapy in von Willebrand disease. Blood Coagulation & Fibrinolysis : an international journal in haemostasis and thrombosis 2009;20:475-483.

  116. Colucci G, Stutz M, Rochat S, Conte T, Pavicic M, Reusser M, et al. The effect of desmopressin on platelet function: a selective enhancement of procoagulant COAT-platelets in patients with primary platelet function defects. Blood 2014.

  117. Born G, Patrono C. Antiplatelet drugs. Br J Pharmacol 2006;147 Suppl 1:S241-251.

  118. Wang TH, Bhatt DL, Topol EJ. Aspirin resistance: an emerging clinical entity. Eur Heart J 2005;93:2-8.

  119. Rezkalla SH, Benz M. Antiplatelet therapy from clinical trials to clinical practice. Clin Med Res 2003;1:101-104.

  120. Abrams J. Medical therapy of unstable angina and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 2000;86:24J-33J; discussion 33J-34J.

  121. McNeil J, Tonkin A. The MAGIC Study and the gastrointestinal effects of low-dose aspirin : editorial to: “Prospective cohort study of gastrointestinal complications and vascular diseases in patients taking aspirin: rationale and design of the MAGIC Study” by H. Origasa et al. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2011;25:503-504.

  122. Siller-Matula JM. Hemorrhagic complications associated with aspirin: an underestimated hazard in clinical practice? JAMA 2012;307:2318- 2320.

  123. Sostres C, Gargallo CJ. Gastrointestinal lesions and complications of low-dose aspirin in the gastrointestinal tract. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2012;26:141-151.

  124. Fukuzawa M, Kawai T, Watanabe M, Tomiyama H, Yamashina A, Moriyasu F. Correlation between Helicobacter pylori infection and lowdose aspirin use on damage of the upper gastrointestinal tract. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012;27 Suppl 3:76-81.

  125. Leung Ki EL, Chan FK. Interaction of Helicobacter pylori infection and low-dose aspirin in the upper gastrointestinal tract: implications for clinical practice. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2012;26:163-172.

  126. Chan FK, Ching JY, Suen BY, Tse YK, Wu JC, Sung JJ. Effects of Helicobacter pylori infection on long-term risk of peptic ulcer bleeding in low-dose aspirin users. Gastroenterology 2013;144:528-535.

  127. Song HJ, Kwon JW, Kim N, Park YS. Cost effectiveness associated with Helicobacter pylori screening and eradication in patients taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and/or aspirin. Gut Liver 2013;7:182-189.

  128. Shenkman B, Matetzky S, Fefer P, Hod H, Einav Y, Lubetsky A, et al. Variable responsiveness to clopidogrel and aspirin among patients with acute coronary syndrome as assessed by platelet function tests. Thromb Res 2008;122:336- 345.

  129. Zheng AS, Churilov L, Colley RE, Goh C, Davis SM, Yan B. Association of aspirin resistance with increased stroke severity and infarct size. JAMA Neurol 2013;70:208-213.

  130. Kasmeridis C, Apostolakis S, Lip GY. Aspirin and aspirin resistance in coronary artery disease. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2013;13:242-250.

  131. Vesga BE, Echeverri D. Resistencia al ácido acetil salicílico en pacientes con enfermedad coronaria. Revista Colombiana de Cardiología 2006;13:13-22.

  132. Bhat DL. Aspirin resistance: more than just a laboratory curiosity. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;43: 1127-1129.

  133. Hankey GJ, Eikelboom JW. Aspirin resistance. Lancet 2006;367:606-617.

  134. Coakley M, Self R, Marchant W, Mackie I, Mallett SV, Mythen M. Use of the platelet function analyser (PFA-100) to quantify the effect of low dose aspirin in patients with ischaemic heart disease. Anaesthesia 2005;60:1173-1178.

  135. Paniccia R, Antonucci E, Gori AM, Marcucci R, Poli S, Romano E, et al. Comparison of different methods to evaluate the effect of aspirin on platelet function in high-risk patients with ischemic heart disease receiving dual antiplatelet treatment. Am J Clin Pathol 2007;128:143-149.

  136. Kottke-Marchant K, Powers JB, Brooks L, Kundu S, Christie DJ. The effect of antiplatelet drugs, heparin, and preanalytical variables on platelet function detected by the platelet function analyzer (PFA-100). Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis : official journal of the International Academy of Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis 1999;5:122-130.

  137. Harrison P, Robinson MS, Mackie IJ, Joseph J, McDonald SJ, Liesner R, et al. Performance of the platelet function analyser PFA-100 in testing abnormalities of primary haemostasis. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 1999;10:25-31.

  138. Mimidis K, Papadopoulos V, Kartasis Z, Baka M, Tsatlidis V, Bourikas G, et al. Assessment of platelet adhesiveness and aggregation in mild acute pancreatitis using the PFA-100 system. JOP : Journal of the pancreas 2004;5:132-137.

  139. Savi P, Pereillo JM, Uzabiaga MF, Combalbert J, Picard C, Maffrand JP, et al. Identification and biological activity of the active metabolite of clopidogrel. Thromb Haemost 2000;84:891- 896.

  140. Nguyen TA, Diodati JG, Pharand C. Resistance to clopidogrel: a review of the evidence. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;45:1157-1164.

  141. Quinn MJ, Fitzgerald DJ. Ticlopidine and clopidogrel. Circulation 1999;100:1667-1672.

  142. Cattaneo M. Aspirin and clopidogrel: efficacy, safety, and the issue of drug resistance. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004;24:1980-1987.

  143. Tsai TJ, Lai KH, Hsu PI, Lin CK, Chan HH, Yu HC, et al. Upper gastrointestinal lesions in patients receiving clopidogrel anti-platelet therapy. J Formos Med Assoc 2012;111:705-710.

  144. Jaremo P, Lindahl TL, Fransson SG, Richter A. Individual variations of platelet inhibition after loading doses of clopidogrel. J Intern Med 2002;252:233-238.

  145. Gurbel PA, Bliden KP. Durability of platelet inhibition by clopidogrel. Am J Cardiol 2003;91:1123-1125.

  146. Mobley JE, Bresee SJ, Wortham DC, Craft RM, Snider CC, Carroll RC. Frequency of nonresponse antiplatelet activity of clopidogrel during pretreatment for cardiac catheterization. Am J Cardiol 2004;93:456-458.

  147. Serebruany VL, Steinhubl SR, Berger PB, Malinin AI, Bhatt DL, Topol EJ. Variability in platelet responsiveness to clopidogrel among 544 individuals. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;45:246-251.

  148. Dorsam RT, Kunapuli SP. Central role of the P2Y12 receptor in platelet activation. J Clin Invest 2004;113:340-345.

  149. Salama ME, Raman S, Drew MJ, Abdel-Raheem M, Mahmood MN. Platelet function testing to assess effectiveness of platelet transfusion therapy. Transfus Apher Sci 2004;30:93-100.

  150. Tsantes AE, Mantzios G, Giannopoulou V, Tsirigotis P, Bonovas S, Rapti E, et al. Monitoring aspirin treatment in patients with thrombocytosis: comparison of the platelet function analyzer (PFA)-100 with optical aggregometry. Thrombosis research 2008;123:100-107.

  151. Hobson AR, Qureshi Z, Banks P, Curzen N. The Potential Value of Near Patient Platelet Function Testing in PCI: Randomised Comparison of 600 mg versus 900 mg Clopidogrel Loading Doses. Thrombosis 2010;2010:908272.

  152. Tsantes AE, Dimoula A, Bonovas S, Mantzios G, Tsirigotis P, Zoi K, et al. The role of the Platelet Function Analyzer (PFA)-100 and platelet aggregometry in the differentiation of essential thrombocythemia from reactive thrombocytosis. Thrombosis Research 2010;125:142-146.

  153. Tsantes AE, Nikolopoulos GK, Tsirigotis P, Zoi K, Zomas A, Kapsimali V, et al. Direct evidence for normalization of platelet function resulting from platelet count reduction in essential thrombocythemia. Blood Coagulation & Fibrinolysis : an international journal in haemostasis and thrombosis 2011;22:457-462.

  154. Tsantes A, Ikonomidis I, Papadakis I, Kottaridi C, Tsante A, Kalamara E, et al. Evaluation of the role of the new INNOVANCE PFA P2Y test cartridge in detection of clopidogrel resistance. Platelets 2012.

  155. Tsantes AE, Ikonomidis I, Papadakis I, Bonovas S, Gialeraki A, Kottaridi C, et al. Impact of the proton pump inhibitors and CYP2C19*2 polymorphism on platelet response to clopidogrel as assessed by four platelet function assays. Thromb Res 2013;132:e105-111.

  156. Seghatchian J, Krailadsiri P. The platelet storage lesion. Transfus Med Rev 1997;11:130-144.

  157. Holme S, Sawyer S, Heaton A, Sweeney JD. Studies on platelets exposed to or stored at temperatures below 20 degrees C or above 24 degrees C. Transfusion 1997;37:5-11.

  158. Wagner SJ, Lieby D. Transfusion-associated bacterial sepsis: a concise review. Immunohematology 1998;14:33-35.

  159. Borzini P, Lazzaro A, Mazzucco L. Evaluation of the hemostatic function of stored platelet concentrates using the platelet function analyzer (PFA-100 ). Haematologica 1999;84:1104-1109.

  160. Beck KH. Quality control of platelets during storage by the PFA-100: a comparison to platelet aggregation. Transfusion and apheresis science : official journal of the World Apheresis Association : official journal of the European Society for Haemapheresis 2002;27:247-253.

  161. Kristensen J, Eriksson L, Olsson K, Killander A, Hogman C. Functional capacity of transfused platelets estimated by the Thrombostat 4000/2. Eur J Haematol 1993;51:152-155.

  162. México: Secretaria de Salud. Detección temprana del abuso fisico del el nacimiento hasta los 12 años de edad para el primer nivel de atención. Guía de Práctica clínica GPG 2001.

  163. Rapaport SI. Preoperative hemostatic evaluation: which tests, if any? Blood 1983;61:229- 231.

  164. Laposata M, Dighe A. “Pre-pre” and “post-post” analytical error: high-incidence patient safety hazards involving the clinical laboratory. Clin Chem Lab Med 2007;45:712-719.

  165. Konkle BA. Acquired disorders of platelet function. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2011;2011:391-396.

  166. Dalby MC, Davidson SJ, Burman JF, Davies SW. Diurnal variation in platelet aggregation iwth the PFA-100 platelet function analyser. Platelets 2000;11:320-324.

  167. Feuring M, Wehling M, Ruf A, Schultz A. Circadian variation of platelet function measured with the PFA-100. Platelets 2009;20:466-470.

  168. von Pape KW, Aland E, Bohner J. Platelet function analysis with PFA-100 in patients medicated with acetylsalicylic acid strongly depends on concentration of sodium citrate used for anticoagulation of blood sample. Thrombosis Research 2000;98:295-299.

  169. Favaloro EJ, Lippi G, Adcock DM. Preanalytical and postanalytical variables: the leading causes of diagnostic error in hemostasis? Semin Thromb Hemost 2008;34:612-634.

  170. Wallin O, Soderberg J, Grankvist K, Jonsson PA, Hultdin J. Preanalytical effects of pneumatic tube transport on routine haematology, coagulation parameters, platelet function and global coagulation. Clin Chem Lab Med 2008;46:1443- 1449.

  171. Bolliger D, Seeberger MD, Tanaka KA, Dell- Kuster S, Gregor M, Zenklusen U, et al. Preanalytical effects of pneumatic tube transport on impedance platelet aggregometry. Platelets 2009;20:458-465.

  172. Hubner U, Bockel-Frohnhofer N, Hummel B, Geisel J. The effect of a pneumatic tube transport system on platelet aggregation using optical aggregometry and the PFA-100. Clinical Laboratory 2010;56:59-64.

  173. Kratz A, Salem RO, Van Cott EM. Effects of a pneumatic tube system on routine and novel hematology and coagulation parameters in healthy volunteers. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2007;131:293-296.

  174. Lippi G, Fontana R, Avanzini P, Aloe R, Ippolito L, Sandei F, et al. Influence of mechanical trauma of blood and hemolysis on PFA-100 testing. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2012;23:82-86.

  175. Favaloro EJ. Internal quality control and external quality assurance of platelet function tests. Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis 2009;35:139-149.

  176. Favaloro EJ. Time for a conceptual shift in assessment of internal quality control for whole blood or cell-based testing systems? An evaluation using platelet function and the PFA-100 as a case example. Clin Chem Lab Med 2012;1-8.

  177. Favaloro EJ. Time for a conceptual shift in assessment of internal quality control for whole blood or cell-based testing systems? An evaluation using platelet function and the PFA-100 as a case example. Clin Chem Lab Med 2013;51:767- 774.

  178. Favaloro EJ, Bonar R. External Quality Assessment/ Proficiency Testing and Internal Quality Control for the PFA-100 and PFA-200: An Update. Semin Thromb Hemost 2014.

  179. Plebani M. The detection and prevention of errors in laboratory medicine. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry 2010;47:101-110.

  180. Sciacovelli L, O’Kane M, Skaik YA, Caciagli P, Pellegrini C, Da Rin G, et al. Quality Indicators in Laboratory Medicine: from theory to practice. Preliminary data from the IFCC Working Group Project “Laboratory Errors and Patient Safety”. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine : CCLM / FESCC 2011;49:835-844.

  181. Favaloro EJ, Lippi G. Laboratory reporting of hemostasis assays: the final post-analytical opportunity to reduce errors of clinical diagnosis in hemostasis? Clin Chem Lab Med 2010;48:309- 321.

  182. Campuzano-Maya G. Valores críticos en el laboratorio clínico: de la teoría a la práctica. Medicina & Laboratorio 2011;17:331-350.

  183. Plebani M, Lippi G. Personalized (laboratory) medicine: a bridge to the future. Clin Chem Lab Med 2013;51:703-706.

  184. Franchini M, Gandini G, Manzato F, Lippi G. Evaluation of the PFA-100 system for monitoring desmopressin therapy in patients with type 1 von Willebrand’s disease. Haematologica 2002;87:670.




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com