Horlocker TT

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Peripheral nerve blocks are well described, but not universally accepted or utilized. In a national survey of 409 anesthesiologists evaluating the use of peripheral nerve blocks, Hadzic et al. (Hadzic, 1998) reported that while nearly all respondents perform regional techniques, less that half performed more than five peripheral nerve blocks per month. Importantly, lower extremity blocks other than ankle blocks were seldom used. This is unfortunate, since lower extremity blocks have many advantages over neuraxial techniques, and represent alternatives for both intraoperative anesthesia and postoperative analgesia. Anesthesiologists in Europe have already shifted their practice towards peripheral blocks. A prospective study of 103,730 regional anesthetics performed in France over a five-month period included 21,278 peripheral blocks.

REFERENCES

1. Allen HW, Liu SS, Ware PD, et al. Peripheral nerve blocks improve analgesia after total knee replacement surgery. Anesth Analg 1998;87:93-7.

2. Allen JG, Denny NM, Oakman N. Postoperative analgesia following total knee arthroplasty: a study comparing spinal anesthesia and combined sciatic femoral 3-in-1 block. Reg Anesth Pain Med 1998;23:142-6.

3. Awad T, Duggan EM. Posterior lumbar plexus block: Anatomy, approaches, and techniques. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2005;30:143-149.

4. Ben-David B, Schmalenberger K, Chelly JE. Analgesia after total knee arthroplasty: is continuous sciatic blockade needed in addition to continuous femoral blockade? Anesth Analg 2004;98:747-9.

5. Benzon HT, Kim C, Benzon HP, Silverstein ME, Jericho B, Prillaman K, Buenaventura R. Correlation between evoked motor response of the sciatic nerve and sensory blockade. Anesthesiology 1997;87:547-52.

6. Bouaziz H, Narchi P, Mercier FJ, Labaille T, Zerrouk N, Girod J, Benhamou D. Comparison between conventional axillary block and a new approach at the midhumeral level. Anesth Analg 1997;84:1058-62.

7. Brands E, Callanan VI. Continuous lumbar plexus block—analgesia for femoral neck fractures. Anaesthesia 1978;6:256-8.

8. Capdevila X, Barthelet Y, Biboulet P, et al. Effects of perioperative analgesic technique on the surgical outcome and duration of rehabilitation after major knee surgery. Anesthesiology 1999;91:8-15.

9. Capdevila X, Coimbra C, Choquet O. Approaches to the lumbar plexus: Success, risks, and outcome. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2005;30:150-62.

10. Capdevila X, Macaire P, Dadure C, et al. Continuous psoas compartment block for postoperative analgesia after total hip arthroplasty: New landmarks, technical guidelines, and clinical evaluation. Anesth Analg 2002;94:1606-13.

11. Chayen D, Nathan H, Chayen M. The psoas compartment block. Anesthesiology 1976;45:95-9.

12. Chelly JE, Delaunay L. A new anterior approach to the sciatic nerve block. Anesthesiology 1999;91:1655-60.

13. Chelly JE, Greger J, Gebhard R, et al. Continuous femoral blocks improve recovery and outcome of patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty 2001;16:436-45.

14. Chudinov A, Berkenstadt H, Salai M, Cahana A, Perel A. Continuous psoas compartment block for anesthesia and perioperative analgesia in patients with hip fractures. Reg Anesth Pain Med 1999;24:563-8.

15. Enneking FK, Chan V, Greger J, Hadzic A, et al. Lower extremity peripheral nerve blockade: essentials of our current understanding. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2005;30:4-35.

16. Farny J, Drolet P, Girard M. Anatomy of the posterior approach to the lumbar plexus block. Can J Anaesth 1994;41:480-5.

17. Farny J, Girard M, Drolet P. Posterior approach to the lumbar plexus combined with a sciatic nerve block using lidocaine. Can J Anaesth 1994;41:486-91.

18. Ganapathy S, Wasserman RA, Watson JT, et al. Modified continuous 3-in-1 block for post-operative pain after TKA. Anesth Analg 1999;99:1197-202.

19. Hadzic A, Vloka JD. A comparison of the posterior versus lateral approaches to the block of the sciatic nerve in the popliteal fossa. Anesthesiology 1998;88:1480-6.

20. Hadzic A, Vloka JD. Anesthesia for Ankle and Foot Surgery. Techniques in Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management; 1999;3:113.

21. Hebl JR, Kopp SL, Ali MH, et al. A comprehensive anesthesia protocol that emphasizes peripheral nerve block markedly improves patient care and facilitates early discharge after total hip and knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg [Am]. In press.

22. Horlocker TT. Peripheral nerve blocks—regional anesthesia for the new millennium [editorial]. Reg Anesth Pain Med 1998;23:237-40.

23. Horlocker TT. Wedel DJ. Neuraxial block and low-molecularweight heparin: balancing perioperative analgesia and thromboprophylaxis. [Review]. Reg Anesth Pain Med 1998;23:164-77.

24. Horlocker TT, Hebl JR. Anesthesia for outpatient knee arthroscopy: is there an optimal technique? Reg Anesth Pain Med 2003;.28:58-63.

25. Ilfeld BM, Enneking FK. Continuous peripheral nerve blocks at home: a review. Anesth Analg 2005; 100:1822-33.

26. Ilfeld BM, Morey TE, Enneking FK. Infraclavicular perineural local anesthetic infusion: a comparison of three dosing regimens for postoperative analgesia. Anesthesiology 2004;100:395-402.

27. Jankowski CJ, Hebl JR, Stuart MJ, et al. A comparison of psoas compartment block and spinal and general anesthesia for outpatient knee arthroscopy. Anesth Analg 2003;97:1003-9.

28. Kaloul I, Guay J, Cote C, Fallaha M. The posterior lumbar plexus block and the 3-in-1 femoral nerve block provide similar postoperative analgesia after TKR. Can J Anesth 2004;51:45-51.

29. Klein SM, D’Ercole F, Greengrass RA, Warner DS. Enoxaparin associated with psoas hematoma and lumbar plexopathy after lumbar plexus block. Anesthesiology 1997;87:1576-9.

30. Lynch NM, Cofield RH, Silbert PL, Hermann RC. Neurologic complications after total shoulder arthroplasty. J Shoulder Elbow Surg;1996;5:53.

31. Macalou D, Trueck S, Meuret P, et al. Postoperative analgesia after total knee replacement: the effect of an obturator nerve block added to the femoral 3-in-1 nerve block. Anesth Analg 2004;99:251-4.

32. Matheny JM, Hanks GA, Rung GW, Blanda JB, Kalenak A. A comparison of patient-controlled analgesia and continuous lumbar plexus block after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy 1993;9:87-90.

33. McLeod DH, Wong DH, Vaghadia H, Claridge RJ, Merrick PM. Lateral popliteal sciatic nerve block compared with ankle block for analgesia following foot surgery. Can J Anaesth 1995;42:765-9.

34. Morau D, Lopez S, Biboulet P, et al. Comparison of continuous 3-in-1 and fascia Iliac compartment blocks for postoperative analgesia: feasibility, catheter migration, distribution of sensory block, and analgesic efficacy. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2003;28:309-14.

35. Paqueron X, Bouaziz H, Macalou D, Labaille T, Merle M, Laxenaire MC, Benhamou D. The lateral approach to the sciatic nerve at the popliteal fossa: one or two injections? Anesth Analg 1999;89:1221-5.

36. Pham Dang C, Gautheron E, Guilley J, et al. The value of adding sciatic block to continuous femoral block for analgesia after total knee replacement. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2005;30:128-34.

37. Pham-Dang C, Gunst JP, Gouin F, Poirier P, Touchais S, Meunier JF, Kick O, Drouet JC, Bourreli B, Pinaud M. A novel supraclavicular approach to brachial plexus block. Anesth Analg 1997;85:111-6.

38. Schroeder LE, Horlocker TT, Schroeder DR. The efficacy of axillary block for surgical procedures about the elbow. Anesth Analg 1996; 83:747-51.

39. Schwarz SK, Franciosi LG, Ries CR, Regan WD, Davidson RG, Nevin K, Escobedo S, MacLeod BA. Addition of femoral 3-in-1 blockade to intra-articular ropivacaine 0.2% does not reduce analgesic requirements following arthroscopic knee surgery. Can J Anaesth 1999;46:741-7.

40. Seeberger MD, Urwyler A. Paravascular lumbar plexus block: block extension after femoral nerve stimulation and injection of 20 vs 40 ml mepivacaine 10 mg/ml. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1995;39:769-73.

41. Singelyn FJ, Deyaert M, Joris D, et al. Effects of intravenous patient-controlled analgesia with morphine, continuous epidural analgesia, and continuous three-in-one block on postoperative pain and knee rehabilitation after unilateral total knee arthroplasty. Anesth Analg 1998;87:88-92.

42. Singelyn FJ, Gouverneur JM. Extended «three-in-one» block after total knee arthroplasty: continuous versus patient-controlled techniques. Anesth Analg 2000;91:176-80.

43. Singelyn FJ, Gouverneur JM. Postoperative analgesia after total hip arthroplasty: i.v. PCA with morphine, patient-controlled epidural analgesia, or continuous «3-in-one» block? A prospective evaluation by our acute pain service in more than 1,300 patients. J Clin Anesth 1999;11:550-54.

44. Stevens RD, Van Gessel E, Flory N, Fournier R. Lumbar plexus

45. block reduces pain and blood loss associated with total hip arthroplasty.

46. Anesthesiology 2000;93:115-21.

47. Todd MM, Brown DL. Regional anesthesia and postoperative pain management: long-term benefits from a short-term intervention [editorial]. Anesthesiology 1999;91:1-2.

48. Twyman R, Kirwan T, Fennelly M. Blood loss reduced during hip arthroplasty by lumbar plexus block. J Bone Joint Surg [British] 1990;72:770-1.

49. Vloka JD, Hadzic A, Drobnik L, Ernest A, Reiss W, Thys DM. Anatomical landmarks for femoral nerve block: a comparison of four needle insertion sites. Anesth Analg 1999;89:1467-70.

50. Vloka JD, Hadzic A, Kitain E, Lesser JB, Kuroda M, April EW, Thys DM. Anatomic considerations for sciatic nerve block in the popliteal fossa through the lateral approach. Reg Anesth 1996;21:414-8.

51. Allen HW, Liu SS, Ware PD, et al. Peripheral nerve blocks improve analgesia after total knee replacement surgery. Anesth Analg 1998;87:93-7.

52. Allen JG, Denny NM, Oakman N. Postoperative analgesia following total knee arthroplasty: a study comparing spinal anesthesia and combined sciatic femoral 3-in-1 block. Reg Anesth Pain Med 1998;23:142-6.

53. Awad T, Duggan EM. Posterior lumbar plexus block: Anatomy, approaches, and techniques. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2005;30:143-149.

54. Ben-David B, Schmalenberger K, Chelly JE. Analgesia after total knee arthroplasty: is continuous sciatic blockade needed in addition to continuous femoral blockade? Anesth Analg 2004;98:747-9.

55. Benzon HT, Kim C, Benzon HP, Silverstein ME, Jericho B, Prillaman K, Buenaventura R. Correlation between evoked motor response of the sciatic nerve and sensory blockade. Anesthesiology 1997;87:547-52.

56. Bouaziz H, Narchi P, Mercier FJ, Labaille T, Zerrouk N, Girod J, Benhamou D. Comparison between conventional axillary block and a new approach at the midhumeral level. Anesth Analg 1997;84:1058-62.

57. Brands E, Callanan VI. Continuous lumbar plexus block—analgesia for femoral neck fractures. Anaesthesia 1978;6:256-8.

58. Capdevila X, Barthelet Y, Biboulet P, et al. Effects of perioperative analgesic technique on the surgical outcome and duration of rehabilitation after major knee surgery. Anesthesiology 1999;91:8-15.

59. Capdevila X, Coimbra C, Choquet O. Approaches to the lumbar plexus: Success, risks, and outcome. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2005;30:150-62.

60. Capdevila X, Macaire P, Dadure C, et al. Continuous psoas compartment block for postoperative analgesia after total hip arthroplasty: New landmarks, technical guidelines, and clinical evaluation. Anesth Analg 2002;94:1606-13.

61. Chayen D, Nathan H, Chayen M. The psoas compartment block. Anesthesiology 1976;45:95-9.

62. Chelly JE, Delaunay L. A new anterior approach to the sciatic nerve block. Anesthesiology 1999;91:1655-60.

63. Chelly JE, Greger J, Gebhard R, et al. Continuous femoral blocks improve recovery and outcome of patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty 2001;16:436-45.

64. Chudinov A, Berkenstadt H, Salai M, Cahana A, Perel A. Continuous psoas compartment block for anesthesia and perioperative analgesia in patients with hip fractures. Reg Anesth Pain Med 1999;24:563-8.

65. Enneking FK, Chan V, Greger J, Hadzic A, et al. Lower extremity peripheral nerve blockade: essentials of our current understanding. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2005;30:4-35.

66. Farny J, Drolet P, Girard M. Anatomy of the posterior approach to the lumbar plexus block. Can J Anaesth 1994;41:480-5.

67. Farny J, Girard M, Drolet P. Posterior approach to the lumbar plexus combined with a sciatic nerve block using lidocaine. Can J Anaesth 1994;41:486-91.

68. Ganapathy S, Wasserman RA, Watson JT, et al. Modified continuous 3-in-1 block for post-operative pain after TKA. Anesth Analg 1999;99:1197-202.

69. Hadzic A, Vloka JD. A comparison of the posterior versus lateral approaches to the block of the sciatic nerve in the popliteal fossa. Anesthesiology 1998;88:1480-6.

70. Hadzic A, Vloka JD. Anesthesia for Ankle and Foot Surgery. Techniques in Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management; 1999;3:113.

71. Hebl JR, Kopp SL, Ali MH, et al. A comprehensive anesthesia protocol that emphasizes peripheral nerve block markedly improves patient care and facilitates early discharge after total hip and knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg [Am]. In press.

72. Horlocker TT. Peripheral nerve blocks—regional anesthesia for the new millennium [editorial]. Reg Anesth Pain Med 1998;23:237-40.

73. Horlocker TT. Wedel DJ. Neuraxial block and low-molecularweight heparin: balancing perioperative analgesia and thromboprophylaxis. [Review]. Reg Anesth Pain Med 1998;23:164-77.

74. Horlocker TT, Hebl JR. Anesthesia for outpatient knee arthroscopy: is there an optimal technique? Reg Anesth Pain Med 2003;.28:58-63.

75. Ilfeld BM, Enneking FK. Continuous peripheral nerve blocks at home: a review. Anesth Analg 2005; 100:1822-33.

76. Ilfeld BM, Morey TE, Enneking FK. Infraclavicular perineural local anesthetic infusion: a comparison of three dosing regimens for postoperative analgesia. Anesthesiology 2004;100:395-402.

77. Jankowski CJ, Hebl JR, Stuart MJ, et al. A comparison of psoas compartment block and spinal and general anesthesia for outpatient knee arthroscopy. Anesth Analg 2003;97:1003-9.

78. Kaloul I, Guay J, Cote C, Fallaha M. The posterior lumbar plexus block and the 3-in-1 femoral nerve block provide similar postoperative analgesia after TKR. Can J Anesth 2004;51:45-51.

79. Klein SM, D’Ercole F, Greengrass RA, Warner DS. Enoxaparin associated with psoas hematoma and lumbar plexopathy after lumbar plexus block. Anesthesiology 1997;87:1576-9.

80. Lynch NM, Cofield RH, Silbert PL, Hermann RC. Neurologic complications after total shoulder arthroplasty. J Shoulder Elbow Surg;1996;5:53.

81. Macalou D, Trueck S, Meuret P, et al. Postoperative analgesia after total knee replacement: the effect of an obturator nerve block added to the femoral 3-in-1 nerve block. Anesth Analg 2004;99:251-4.

82. Matheny JM, Hanks GA, Rung GW, Blanda JB, Kalenak A. A comparison of patient-controlled analgesia and continuous lumbar plexus block after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy 1993;9:87-90.

83. McLeod DH, Wong DH, Vaghadia H, Claridge RJ, Merrick PM. Lateral popliteal sciatic nerve block compared with ankle block for analgesia following foot surgery. Can J Anaesth 1995;42:765-9.

84. Morau D, Lopez S, Biboulet P, et al. Comparison of continuous 3-in-1 and fascia Iliac compartment blocks for postoperative analgesia: feasibility, catheter migration, distribution of sensory block, and analgesic efficacy. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2003;28:309-14.

85. Paqueron X, Bouaziz H, Macalou D, Labaille T, Merle M, Laxenaire MC, Benhamou D. The lateral approach to the sciatic nerve at the popliteal fossa: one or two injections? Anesth Analg 1999;89:1221-5.

86. Pham Dang C, Gautheron E, Guilley J, et al. The value of adding sciatic block to continuous femoral block for analgesia after total knee replacement. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2005;30:128-34.

87. Pham-Dang C, Gunst JP, Gouin F, Poirier P, Touchais S, Meunier JF, Kick O, Drouet JC, Bourreli B, Pinaud M. A novel supraclavicular approach to brachial plexus block. Anesth Analg 1997;85:111-6.

88. Schroeder LE, Horlocker TT, Schroeder DR. The efficacy of axillary block for surgical procedures about the elbow. Anesth Analg 1996; 83:747-51.

89. Schwarz SK, Franciosi LG, Ries CR, Regan WD, Davidson RG, Nevin K, Escobedo S, MacLeod BA. Addition of femoral 3-in-1 blockade to intra-articular ropivacaine 0.2% does not reduce analgesic requirements following arthroscopic knee surgery. Can J Anaesth 1999;46:741-7.

90. Seeberger MD, Urwyler A. Paravascular lumbar plexus block: block extension after femoral nerve stimulation and injection of 20 vs 40 ml mepivacaine 10 mg/ml. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1995;39:769-73.

91. Singelyn FJ, Deyaert M, Joris D, et al. Effects of intravenous patient-controlled analgesia with morphine, continuous epidural analgesia, and continuous three-in-one block on postoperative pain and knee rehabilitation after unilateral total knee arthroplasty. Anesth Analg 1998;87:88-92.

92. Singelyn FJ, Gouverneur JM. Extended «three-in-one» block after total knee arthroplasty: continuous versus patient-controlled techniques. Anesth Analg 2000;91:176-80.

93. Singelyn FJ, Gouverneur JM. Postoperative analgesia after total hip arthroplasty: i.v. PCA with morphine, patient-controlled epidural analgesia, or continuous «3-in-one» block? A prospective evaluation by our acute pain service in more than 1,300 patients. J Clin Anesth 1999;11:550-54.

94. Stevens RD, Van Gessel E, Flory N, Fournier R. Lumbar plexus block reduces pain and blood loss associated with total hip arthroplasty. Anesthesiology 2000;93:115-21.

95. Todd MM, Brown DL. Regional anesthesia and postoperative pain management: long-term benefits from a short-term intervention [editorial]. Anesthesiology 1999;91:1-2.

96. Twyman R, Kirwan T, Fennelly M. Blood loss reduced during hip arthroplasty by lumbar plexus block. J Bone Joint Surg [British] 1990;72:770-1.

97. Vloka JD, Hadzic A, Drobnik L, Ernest A, Reiss W, Thys DM. Anatomical landmarks for femoral nerve block: a comparison of four needle insertion sites. Anesth Analg 1999;89:1467-70.

98. Vloka JD, Hadzic A, Kitain E, Lesser JB, Kuroda M, April EW, Thys DM. Anatomic considerations for sciatic nerve block in the popliteal fossa through the lateral approach. Reg Anesth 1996;21:414-8.