medigraphic.com
ISSN 2448-8909 (Print)

2020, Number 1

<< Back Next >>

Med Crit 2020; 34 (1)

Management protocol for COVID-19

Pérez NOR, Zamarrón LEI, Guerrero GMA, Soriano OR, Figueroa UAF, López FJ, Osorio RAA, Uribe MSE, Morgado VLA, Flores RR, Salmerón JD, Gasca AJA, Deloya TE

Language: Spanish
References: 69
Page: 43-52
PDF size: 960.64 Kb.


ABSTRACT

On December 31, 2019, the first cases of pneumonia of unknown origin were reported in Wuhan, China, later identified as a new Coronavirus (2019-nCoV or COVID-19), genetically distinct from other coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, officially identified as SARS-CoV-2. In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a pandemic alert for this disease, which has infected thousands of people, as a consequence of pulmonary affection due to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), making it a priority to know the management approach for COVID-19.


REFERENCES

  1. Ugarte C. Response to COVID-19 Outbreak In the region of the Americas. Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization Twenty-third Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 525. 2020/20037 202-974-3469 ugarteci@paho.org.

  2. López-Gatell Ramírez H. Joint Communiqué No. 3 Health and SEP present prevention measures for the national education sector by COVID-19. Secretary of Public Education. Government of Mexico. March 14, 2020. https://bit.ly/2xw98H1.

  3. Zhao S, Cao P, Gao D, et al. Serial interval in determining the estimation of reproduction number of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) during the early outbreak. J Travel Med. 2020. pii: taaa033. doi: 10.1093/jtm/taaa033.

  4. Hahn SM. Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA Focuses on Safety of Regulated Products. While Scaling Back Domestic Inspections Commissioner of food and Drugs –March 18,2020. Administration: Michael.felbertbaum@fda.hhs.gov.

  5. Sun Q, Qiu H, Huang M, et al. Lower mortality of COVID-19 by early recognition and intervention: experience from Jiangsu Province. Ann Intensive Care. 2020;10(1):33.

  6. World Health Organization. Clinical management of Severe Acute Respiratory infection (SARI) when COVID-19 disease is suspected. 2020.

  7. Bernard GR, Artigas A, Brigham KL, Carlet J, Falke K, Hudson L, et al. The American-European consensus conference on ARDS. Definitions, mechanisms, relevant outcomes, and clinical trial coordination. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994;149:818-824.

  8. Riviello ED, Kiviri W, Twagirumugabe T, et al. Hospital incidence and outcomes of the acute respiratory distress syndrome using the Kigali modification of the Berlin Definition. Am J RespirCrit Care Med. 2016;193:52-59.

  9. Lichtenstein DA, Meziere GA. Relevance of lung ultrasound in the diagnosis of acute respiratory failure: the BLUE protocol. Chest. 2008;134(1):117-125.

  10. Lichtenstein DA. Lung ultrasound in the critically ill. Ann Intensive Care. 2014;4(1):1.

  11. Zhou Y, Fan Q, Cavus O, Zhang X. Lung ultrasound: Predictor of acute respiratory distress syndrome in intensive care unit patients. Saudi J Anaesth. 2018;12(3):457-461.

  12. Kaplan A, Mayo PH. Echocardiography performed by the pulmonary/critical care medicine physician. Chest. 2009;135(2):529-535.

  13. Maury E, Arrivé L, Mayo P. Intensive Care Medicine in 2050: the future of medical imaging. Intensive Care Med. 2017;43:1135-1137.

  14. Lai CC, Sung MI, Ho CH, Liu HH, Chen CM, Chiang SR, et al. The prognostic value of N-terminal proB-type natriuretic peptide in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Sci Rep. 2017;7: 44784.

  15. Determann RM, Royakkers AA, Schaefers J, De Boer AM, Binnekade JM, Van Straalen JP, et al. Serum levels of N–terminal proB–type natriuretic peptide in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients – relation to tidal volume size and development of acute respiratory distress syndrome. BMC Pulm Med. 2013;13:42.

  16. Rochwerg B, Brochard L, Elliott MW, et al. Official ERS/ATS clinical practice guidelines: noninvasive ventilation for acute respiratory failure. Eur Respir J. 2017;50(2). pii: 1602426.

  17. Lee MK, Choi J, Park B, et al. High flow nasal canulae oxygen therapy in acute-moderate hypercapnic respiratory failure. Clin Respir J. 2018;12(6):2046-2056.

  18. Meng L, Qiu H, Wan L, Ai Y, Xue Z, Guo Q, et al. Intubation and ventilation amid the COVID-19 Outbreak: Wuhan’s Experience. Anesthesiology. 2020. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000003296.

  19. Muñoz-Bono J, Curiel-Balsera E y Gáleas-López JL. Indicaciones en ventilación mecánica no invasiva. ¿Evidencias en la bibliografía medica? Med Clin (Barc). 2011;136(3):116-120. doi: 10.1016/j.medcli.2009.10.040.

  20. Brewster DJ, Chrimes NC, Do TBT, Fraser K, Groombridge CJ, Higgs A, et al. Consensus statement: Safe Airway Society principles of airway management and tracheal intubation specific to the COVID-19 adult patient group. 2020.

  21. Yang X, Yu Y, Xu J, et al. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study. Lancet Respir Med. 2020. pii: S2213-2600(20)30079-5. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30079-5.

  22. Wu C, Chen X, Cai Y, Xia J, Zhou X, Xu S, et al. Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA Intern Med. 2020. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.0994.

  23. Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020. pii: S0140-6736(20)30566-3. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3.

  24. Cheung JC, Ho LT, Cheng JV, Cham EYK, Lam KN. Staff safety during emergency airway management for COVID-19 in Hong Kong. Lancet Respir Med. 2020. pii: S2213-2600(20)30084-9. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30084-9.

  25. Ñamendys-Silva SA. Respiratory support for patients with COVID-19 infection. Lancet Respir Med. 2020. pii: S2213-2600(20)30110-7. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30110-7.

  26. Namendys-Silva SA, Hernández-Garay M, Rivero-Sigarroa E. Non-invasive ventilation for critically ill patients with pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza A virus infection. Crit Care. 2010;14(2):407.

  27. Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) when COVID-19 disease is suspected: Interim guidance. Interimguidance 13 March 2020. World Health Organization.

  28. Writing Group for the Alveolar Recruitment for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Trial (ART) Investigators, Cavalcanti AB, Suzumura ÉA, Laranjeira LN, Paisani DM, Damiani LP, et al. Effect of lung recruitment and titrated positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) vs Low PEEP on mortality in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2017;318(14):1335-1345.

  29. Hodgson CL, Cooper DJ, Arabi Y, King V, Bersten A, Bihari S, et al. Maximal recruitment open lung ventilation in acute respiratory distress syndrome (PHARLAP). A phase II, multicenter randomized controlled clinical trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019;200(11):1363-1372. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201901-0109OC.

  30. Carsetti A, Damiani E, Domizi R, Scorcella C, Pantanetti S, Falcetta S, et al. Airway pressure release ventilation during acute hypoxemic respiratory failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Ann Intensive Care. 2019;9(1):44. doi: 10.1186/s13613-019-0518-7.

  31. lhazzani W, Alshahrani M, Jaeschke R, Forel JM, Papazian L, Sevransky J, et al. Neuromuscular blocking agents in acute respiratory distress syndrome: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized con‐ trolled trials. Crit Care. 2013;17(2):R43.

  32. Guervilly C, Bisbal M, Forel JM, Mechati M, Lehingue S, Bourenne J, et al. Effects of neuromuscular blockers on transpulmonary pressures in moderate to severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. Intensive Care Med. 2017;43(3):408-418.

  33. Moore L, Kramer CJ, Delcoix‐Lopes S, Modrykamien AM. Comparison of cisatracurium versus atracurium in early ARDS. Respir Care. 2017;62(7):947-952.

  34. Watson RA, Pride NB. Postural changes in lung volumes and respiratory resistance in subjects with obesity. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2005;98:512-517.

  35. Steier J, Lunt A, Hart N, Polkey MI, Moxham J. Observational study of the effect of obesity on lung volumes. Thorax. 2014;69:752-759.

  36. De Jong A, Cossic J, Verzilli D, Monet C, Carr J, Conseil M, et al. Impact of the driving pressure on mortality in obese and non-obese ARDS patients: a retrospective study of 362 cases. Intensive Care Med. 2018;44(7):1106-1114.

  37. Amato MB, Meade MO, Slutsky AS, Brochard L, Costa EL, Schoenfeld DA, et al. Driving pressure and survival in the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:747-755.

  38. Ball L, Pelosi P. How I ventilate an obese patient. Crit Care. 2019;23(1):176.

  39. Florio G, Ferrari M, Bittner EA, De Santis-Santiago R, Pirrone M, Fumagalli J, et al. A lung rescue team improves survival in obesity with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care. 2020;24(1):4.

  40. Guerin C, Reignier J, Richard JC, Beuret P, Gacouin A, Boulain T, et al. Prone positioning in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(23):2159-2168.

  41. Mancebo J, Fernandez R, Blanch L, Rialp G, Gordo F, Ferrer M, et al. A multicenter trial of prolonged prone ventilation in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J RespirCrit Care Med. 2006;173(11):1233-1239.

  42. Taccone P, Pesenti A, Latini R, Polli F, Vagginelli F, Mietto C, et al. Prone positioning in patients with moderate and severe acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2009;302(18):1977-1984.

  43. Gattinoni L, Carlesso E, Taccone P, Polli F, Guerin C, Mancebo J. Prone positioning improves survival in severe ARDS: a pathophysiologic review and individual patient meta‐analysis. Minerva Anestesiol. 2010;76(6):448-454.

  44. Peek GJ, Mugford M, Tiruvoipati R, Wilson A, Allen E, Thalanany MM, et al. Efficacy and economic assessment of conventional ventilatory support versus extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe adult respiratory failure (CESAR): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2009;374(9698):1351-1363.

  45. Combes A, Hajage D, Capellier G, Demoule A, Lavoue S, Guervilly C, et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(21):1965-1975.

  46. Goligher EC, Tomlinson G, Hajage D, Wijeysundera DN, Fan E, Juni P, et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe acute respiratory distress syndrome and posterior probability of mortality benefit in a post hoc Bayesian analysis of a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2018;320(21):2251-2259.

  47. Lin GL, McGinley JP, Drysdale SB, Pollard AJ. Epidemiology and immune pathogenesis of viral sepsis. Front Immunol. 2018;9:2147.

  48. Gao QY, Chen YX, Fang JY. 2019 Novel coronavirus infection and gastrointestinal tract. J Dig Dis. 2020. doi: 10.1111/1751-2980.12851.

  49. Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):507-513.

  50. Ronco C, Reis T, De Rosa S. Coronavirus epidemic and extracorporeal therapies in intensive care: si vis pacem para bellum. Blood Purif. 2020:1-4. doi: 10.1159/000507039.

  51. Jones RL, Nzekwu MM. The effects of body mass index on lung volumes. Chest. 2006;130:827-833.

  52. Hernández G, Cavalcanti A, Ospina-Tascon, et al. Early goal-directed therapy using a physiological holistic view: The andromeda-shock – a randomized controlled trial. Ann Intensive Care. 2018;8:52. doi: 10.1186/s13613-018-0398-2.

  53. Perez-Nieto O, Guerrero-Gutierrez MA, Soriano R, Deloya-Tomas E, Zamarrón-López EI. Hemodynamic monitoring with the clinic: back to basics. Intensive Qare. 2020.

  54. Ait-Oufella H, Lemoinne S, Boelle PY, Galbois A, Baudel JL, Lemant J, et al. Mottling score predicts survival in septic shock. Intensive Care Med. 2011;37(5):801-807.

  55. Murthy S, Gomersall CD, Fowler RA. Care for critically ill patients with COVID-19. JAMA. 2020. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.3633.

  56. McIntosh K. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). UpToDate 2020.

  57. Yu F, Du L, Ojcius DM, Pan C, Jiang S. Measures for diagnosing and treating infections by a novel coronavirus responsible for a pneumonia outbreak originating in Wuhan, China. Microbes Infect. 2020;22(2):74-79. doi: 10.1016/j.micinf.2020.01.003.

  58. Rodrigo C, Leonardi-Bee J, Nguyen-Van-Tam J, Lim WS. Corticosteroids as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of influenza. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;3:CD010406. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010406.pub2.

  59. Arabi YM, Mandourah Y, Al-Hameed F, Sindi AA, Almekhlafi GA, Hussein MA, et al. Corticosteroid therapy for critically ill patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018;197(6):757-767.

  60. Sheahan TP, Sims AC, Graham RL, et al. Broad-spectrum antiviral GS-5734 inhibits both epidemic and zoonotic coronaviruses. Sci Transl Med. 2017;9(396). pii: eaal3653.

  61. Ko WC, Rolain JM, Lee NY, Chen PL, Huang CT, Lee PI, et al. Arguments in favour of remdesivir for treating SARS-CoV-2 infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020:105933. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105933.

  62. Mulangu S, Dodd LE, Davey RT Jr, Tshiani Mbaya O, Proschan M, Mukadi D, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of Ebola virus disease therapeutics. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(24):2293-2303. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1910993.

  63. Al-Tawfiq JA, Al-Homoud AH, Memish ZA. Remdesivir as a possible therapeutic option for the COVID-19. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2020:101615. doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101615.

  64. Wang M, Cao R, Zhang L, et al. Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro. Cell Res. 2020;30:269-271. doi: 10.1038/s41422-020-0282-0.

  65. Liu J, Cao R, Xu M, et al. Hydroxychloroquine, a less toxic derivative of chloroquine, is effective in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro. Cell Discov. 2020;6:16.

  66. Gautret P, Lagier JC, Parola P, Hoang VT, Meddeb L, Mailhe, et al. Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949.

  67. Cao B, Wang Y, Wen D, Liu W, Wang J, Fan G, et al. A trial of lopinavir-ritonavir in adults hospitalized with severe Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2001282.

  68. Xu X, Han M, Li T, et al. Effective treatment of severe COVID-19 patients with Tocilizumab. Available on chinaXiv website. Accessed online 2020 Mar 19.

  69. Arabi YM, Alothman A, Balkhy HH, Al-Dawood A, AlJohani S, Al Harbi S, et al. Treatment of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome with a combination of lopinavir-ritonavir and interferon-β1b (MIRACLE trial): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2018;19(1):81.




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com