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2006, Number 1

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Rev Med Hosp Gen Mex 2006; 69 (1)

Fecal incontinence

Charúa GL, Navarrete CT

Language: Spanish
References: 113
Page: 36-45
PDF size: 126.64 Kb.


ABSTRACT

The recent advances in the knowledge of fecal incontinente are exponed in this review. It includes diagnostic tools such as: anorectal manometry, endoanal ultrasound, electromyography and defecography. Medical and surgical treatment are also described.


REFERENCES

  1. Avendaño EO. Proctología. México, DF: Impresiones Modernas, 1968: 96-102.

  2. Eypasch E, Williams JI, Wood Dauphinee S et al. Gastrointestinal quality of life index: Development, validation and application of a new instrument. Br J Surg 1995; 82: 216-222.

  3. Rothbarth J, Bemelman WA, Wilhelmus JH et al. What is the impact of fecal incontinence on quality of life? Dis Colon Rectum 2001; 44: 67-71.

  4. Thomas TM, Egan M, Walgrove A, Meade TW. The prevalence of fecal and double incontinence. Community Med 1984; 6: 216-220.

  5. Nelson R, Norton N, Cautley E, Furner S. Community-based prevalence of anal incontinence. JAMA 1995; 274: 559.

  6. Coats PM, Chan KK, Wilkins M, Beard RJ. A comparison between midline and mediolateral episiotomies. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1980; 87: 408-412.

  7. Carmona JA, Ortiz H, Perez-Cabañas. Alterations in anorectal function after anterior resection for cancer of the rectum. Int J Colorectal Dis 1991;6 108-110

  8. Mazier WP. The treatment and care of the anal fistulas: A study of 1,000 patients. Dis Colon Rectum 1971; 14: 134.

  9. Delemarre JBVM, Gooszen HG, Kruyt RH et al. The effect of posterior rectopexy of fecal continence. A prospective study. Dis Colon Rectum 1991;34:311

  10. Hiltunen KM, Matikainen M, Auvinen O, Hietanen P. Clinical and manometric evaluation of anal sphincter function in patients with rectal prolapse. Am J Surg 1986; 151: 489-492.

  11. Pescatori M, Anastasio G, Bottini C, Mentasi AA. New grading and scoring for anal incontinence. Evaluation of 335 patients. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1992; 99: 724-726.

  12. Jorge JM, Wexner SD, Etiology and management of fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 1993; 36: 77-97.

  13. Goligher JC, Hughes ES. Sensibility of the rectum and colon: Its role in the mechanism of anal incontinence. Lancet 1951; 1: 543-548.

  14. Duthie HL, Gairns FW. Sensory nerve endings and sensation in the anal region of man. Br J Surg 1960; 47: 585.

  15. Henry MM, Swash M. Coloproctology and the pelvic floor. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann Ltd. Linacre House, Jordan Hill, 1992: 257-297.

  16. Kiesewetter WB, Nixon HH. Imperforate anus: 1. Its surgical anatomy. J Pediatr Surg 1967; 2: 60.

  17. Corman ML. Colon & rectal surgery. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1998: 285-337.

  18. Hill J, Corson RJ, Brandon H, Redford J, Faragher EB, Kiff ES. History and examination in the assessment of patients with idiopathic fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 1994; 37: 473-477.

  19. Womack NR, Morrison JF, Williams NS. The role of pelvic floor denervation in the etiology of idiopathic faecal incontinence. Br J Surg 1986; 73: 404-407.

  20. Roa AM, Bartolo DC et al. Submucosal versus excisional hemorrhoidectomy: A comparison of anal sensation, anal sphincter manometry and postoperative pain and function. Br J Surg 1987; 74: 948-951.

  21. Snooks SJ, Henry MM, Swash M. Faecal incontinence after anal dilatation. Br J Surg 1984; 71: 617-618.

  22. Hardy KJ. Internal sphincterotomy: An appraisal with special reference to sequelae. Br J Surg 1967; 54: 30.

  23. Sainio P. A manometric study of anorectal functions after surgery for anal fistula, with special reference to incontinence. Acta Chir Scand 1985; 151: 695-700.

  24. Harris RE. An evaluation of the median episiotomy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1970; 106: 660-665.

  25. Kaltreider DF, Dixon DM. Study of 710 complete lacerations following central episiotomy. South Med J 1948; 41: 814-820.

  26. Sultan AH, Kamm MA, Batram CI, Hudson CN. Anal sphincter trauma during instrumental delivery. Int J Gynecol Obstet 1993; 43: 263-270.

  27. Engel AF, Kamm MA, Sultan AH et al. Anterior anal sphincter repair in patients with obstetric trauma. Br J Surg 1994; 81: 1231-1234.

  28. Welbourn H. Spina bifida children attending ordinary schools. Br J Surg 1975; 1: 142-145.

  29. Batignani G, Monaci I, Ficari F, Tonelli F. What affects continence after anterior resection of the rectum? Dis Colon Rectum 1991; 34: 329-335.

  30. Enk P, Kuhlbush R, Lubke H, Frieling T, Erckenbrecht JF. Age and sex and anorectal manometry in incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 1989; 32: 1026-1030.

  31. Hallan RI, Marzouk DM, Waldron DJ et al. Comparison of digital and manometric assessment of anal sphincter function. Br J Surg 1988; 76: 793-795.

  32. Falk PM, Blatchford GJ, Cali RL et al. Transanal ultrasound and manometry in the evaluation of fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 1994; 37: 468-472.

  33. Law PJ, Kamm MA, Bartram CI. Anal endosonography in the investigation of faecal incontinence. Br J Surg 1991; 78: 312-314.

  34. Law PJ, Kamm MA, Bartram CI. A comparison between electromyography and anal endosonography in mapping external anal sphincter defects. Dis Colon Rectum 1990; 33: 370-373.

  35. Tetzschner T, Sorensen M, Jonsson L et al. Delivery and pudendal nerve function. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1997; 76: 324-331.

  36. Sangwan YP, Coller JA, Barrett RC et al. Prospective comparative study of abnormal distal rectoanal excitatory reflex, pudendal nerve terminal motor latency, and single fiber density as markers of pudendal neuropathy. Dis Colon

  37. Rectum 1996; 39: 794-798.

  38. Sangwan YP, Coller JA, Barrett RC et al. Unilateral pudendal neuropathy. Significance and implications. Dis Colon Rectum 1996; 39: 249-251.

  39. Kuijpers HC, Strijk SP. Diagnosis of disturbances of continence and defecation. Dis colon Rectum 1984; 27: 658.

  40. Palmer KR, Corbett CL, Holdsworth CD. Double-blind cross-over study comparing loperamide, codeine and diphenoxylate in the treatment of chronic diarrhea. Gastroenterology 1980; 79: 1272-1275.

  41. Read M, Read MW, Barber DC et al. Effects of loperamide on anal sphincter function in patients complaining of chronic diarrhea with fecal incontinence and urgency. Dig Dis Sci 1982; 27: 807-814.

  42. Hartford WV, Krejs GJ, at al. Use of diaphenoxylate with atropine (lomotil) in patients with chronic diarrhea and fecal incontinence. Gatroenterol 1980; 78: 440-443.

  43. Santoro GA, Eitan BZ, Pryde A, Bartolo DC. Open study of low-dose amitriptyline in the treatment of patients with idiopathic fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 2000; 43: 1676-1682.

  44. Díaz-Rubio M. Trastornos motores del aparato digestivo. México: Médica Panamericana, 1996; 199-214.

  45. Solomon MJ, Rex J, Eyers AA et al. Biofeedback for fecal incontinence using transanal ultrasonography: Novel approach. Dis Colon Rectum 2000; 43: 788-792.

  46. Fang DT, Nivatvongs S, Herman et al. Overlapping sphincteroplasty for acquired anal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 1984; 27: 720-722.

  47. Parks AG. Anorectal incontinence. Proc R Soc Med 1975; 68: 681-90.

  48. Jameson JS, Speakman CTM, Darzi A, Chia YW, Henry MM. Audit of postanal repair in the treatment of fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 1994; 37: 369-372.

  49. Gabriel JC. Principles and practice of rectal surgery. 3rd ed. London: HK Lewis, 1948.

  50. Christiansen J, Rednholt HC, Rasmussen O. Bilateral gluteus maximus transposition for anal incontinence. Br J Surg 1995; 82: 903.

  51. Devesa JM, Vicente E, Enriquez JM et al. Total fecal incontinence: A new method of gluteus maximum transposition. Preliminary results and report of previous experience with similar procedures. Dis Colon Rectum 1992; 35: 339.

  52. Pickrell KL, Broadbent TR, Masters FW et al. Construction of a rectal sphincter and restoration of anal continence by transplanting gracilis muscle: Report of four cases in children. Ann Surg 1952; 135: 853.

  53. Baeten CG, Bailey HR, Belliveau P et al. Safety and efficacy of dynamic graciloplasty for fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 2000; 43: 743-751.

  54. Vaizey JC, Kamm AM, Roy JA. Double-Blind Crossover Study of Sacral Nerve Stimulation for Fecal Incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 2000; 43: 298-302.

  55. Takahashi T, Garcia-Osogobio S, Valdovinos MA, Mass W, Jimenez R, Jauregui LA, Bobadilla J, Belmonte C, Edelstein PS. Utley DS. Radio-frequency energy delivery to the anal canal for the treatment of fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 2002; 45: 915-922.

  56. Christiansen J, Lorentzen M. Implantation of artificial sphincter for anal incontinence: Report of five cases. Dis Colon Rectum 1989; 32: 432-436.

  57. Spencer M, Wong W, Congilosi S, Nogueras J et al. Artificial anal sphincter: Preliminary results of a multicenter prospective trial. Dis Colon Rectum 1998; 41: A15 (Abstract).

  58. Avendaño EO. Proctología. México, DF: Impresiones Modernas, 1968: 96-102.

  59. Eypasch E, Williams JI, Wood Dauphinee S et al. Gastrointestinal quality of life index: Development, validation and application of a new instrument. Br J Surg 1995; 82: 216-222.

  60. Rothbarth J, Bemelman WA, Wilhelmus JH et al. What is the impact of fecal incontinence on quality of life? Dis Colon Rectum 2001; 44: 67-71.

  61. Thomas TM, Egan M, Walgrove A, Meade TW. The prevalence of fecal and double incontinence. Community Med 1984; 6: 216-220.

  62. Nelson R, Norton N, Cautley E, Furner S. Community-based prevalence of anal incontinence. JAMA 1995; 274: 559.

  63. Coats PM, Chan KK, Wilkins M, Beard RJ. A comparison between midline and mediolateral episiotomies. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1980; 87: 408-412.

  64. Carmona JA, Ortiz H, Perez-Cabañas. Alterations in anorectal function after anterior resection for cancer of the rectum. Int J Colorectal Dis 1991;6 108-110

  65. Mazier WP. The treatment and care of the anal fistulas: A study of 1,000 patients. Dis Colon Rectum 1971; 14: 134.

  66. Delemarre JBVM, Gooszen HG, Kruyt RH et al. The effect of posterior rectopexy of fecal continence. A prospective study. Dis Colon Rectum 1991;34:311

  67. Hiltunen KM, Matikainen M, Auvinen O, Hietanen P. Clinical and manometric evaluation of anal sphincter function in patients with rectal prolapse. Am J Surg 1986; 151: 489-492.

  68. Pescatori M, Anastasio G, Bottini C, Mentasi AA. New grading and scoring for anal incontinence. Evaluation of 335 patients. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1992; 99: 724-726.

  69. Jorge JM, Wexner SD, Etiology and management of fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 1993; 36: 77-97.

  70. Goligher JC, Hughes ES. Sensibility of the rectum and colon: Its role in the mechanism of anal incontinence. Lancet 1951; 1: 543-548.

  71. Duthie HL, Gairns FW. Sensory nerve endings and sensation in the anal region of man. Br J Surg 1960; 47: 585.

  72. Henry MM, Swash M. Coloproctology and the pelvic floor. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann Ltd. Linacre House, Jordan Hill, 1992: 257-297.

  73. Kiesewetter WB, Nixon HH. Imperforate anus: 1. Its surgical anatomy. J Pediatr Surg 1967; 2: 60.

  74. Corman ML. Colon & rectal surgery. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1998: 285-337.

  75. Hill J, Corson RJ, Brandon H, Redford J, Faragher EB, Kiff ES. History and examination in the assessment of patients with idiopathic fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 1994; 37: 473-477.

  76. Womack NR, Morrison JF, Williams NS. The role of pelvic floor denervation in the etiology of idiopathic faecal incontinence. Br J Surg 1986; 73: 404-407.

  77. Roa AM, Bartolo DC et al. Submucosal versus excisional hemorrhoidectomy: A comparison of anal sensation, anal sphincter manometry and postoperative pain and function. Br J Surg 1987; 74: 948-951.

  78. Snooks SJ, Henry MM, Swash M. Faecal incontinence after anal dilatation. Br J Surg 1984; 71: 617-618.

  79. Hardy KJ. Internal sphincterotomy: An appraisal with special reference to sequelae. Br J Surg 1967; 54: 30.

  80. Sainio P. A manometric study of anorectal functions after surgery for anal fistula, with special reference to incontinence. Acta Chir Scand 1985; 151: 695-700.

  81. Harris RE. An evaluation of the median episiotomy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1970; 106: 660-665.

  82. Kaltreider DF, Dixon DM. Study of 710 complete lacerations following central episiotomy. South Med J 1948; 41: 814-820.

  83. Sultan AH, Kamm MA, Batram CI, Hudson CN. Anal sphincter trauma during instrumental delivery. Int J Gynecol Obstet 1993; 43: 263-270.

  84. Engel AF, Kamm MA, Sultan AH et al. Anterior anal sphincter repair in patients with obstetric trauma. Br J Surg 1994; 81: 1231-1234.

  85. Welbourn H. Spina bifida children attending ordinary schools. Br J Surg 1975; 1: 142-145.

  86. Batignani G, Monaci I, Ficari F, Tonelli F. What affects continence after anterior resection of the rectum? Dis Colon Rectum 1991; 34: 329-335.

  87. Enk P, Kuhlbush R, Lubke H, Frieling T, Erckenbrecht JF. Age and sex and anorectal manometry in incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 1989; 32: 1026-1030.

  88. Hallan RI, Marzouk DM, Waldron DJ et al. Comparison of digital and manometric assessment of anal sphincter function. Br J Surg 1988; 76: 793-795.

  89. Falk PM, Blatchford GJ, Cali RL et al. Transanal ultrasound and manometry in the evaluation of fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 1994; 37: 468-472.

  90. Law PJ, Kamm MA, Bartram CI. Anal endosonography in the investigation of faecal incontinence. Br J Surg 1991; 78: 312-314.

  91. Law PJ, Kamm MA, Bartram CI. A comparison between electromyography and anal endosonography in mapping external anal sphincter defects. Dis Colon Rectum 1990; 33: 370-373.

  92. Tetzschner T, Sorensen M, Jonsson L et al. Delivery and pudendal nerve function. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1997; 76: 324-331.

  93. Sangwan YP, Coller JA, Barrett RC et al. Prospective comparative study of abnormal distal rectoanal excitatory reflex, pudendal nerve terminal motor latency, and single fiber density as markers of pudendal neuropathy. Dis Colon Rectum 1996; 39: 794-798.

  94. Sangwan YP, Coller JA, Barrett RC et al. Unilateral pudendal neuropathy. Significance and implications. Dis Colon Rectum 1996; 39: 249-251.

  95. Kuijpers HC, Strijk SP. Diagnosis of disturbances of continence and defecation. Dis colon Rectum 1984; 27: 658.

  96. Palmer KR, Corbett CL, Holdsworth CD. Double-blind cross-over study comparing loperamide, codeine and diphenoxylate in the treatment of chronic diarrhea. Gastroenterology 1980; 79: 1272-1275.

  97. Read M, Read MW, Barber DC et al. Effects of loperamide on anal sphincter function in patients complaining of chronic diarrhea with fecal incontinence and urgency. Dig Dis Sci 1982; 27: 807-814.

  98. Hartford WV, Krejs GJ, at al. Use of diaphenoxylate with atropine (lomotil) in patients with chronic diarrhea and fecal incontinence. Gatroenterol 1980; 78: 440-443.

  99. Santoro GA, Eitan BZ, Pryde A, Bartolo DC. Open study of low-dose amitriptyline in the treatment of patients with idiopathic fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 2000; 43: 1676-1682.

  100. Díaz-Rubio M. Trastornos motores del aparato digestivo. México: Médica Panamericana, 1996; 199-214.

  101. Solomon MJ, Rex J, Eyers AA et al. Biofeedback for fecal incontinence using transanal ultrasonography: Novel approach. Dis Colon Rectum 2000; 43: 788-792.

  102. Fang DT, Nivatvongs S, Herman et al. Overlapping sphincteroplasty for acquired anal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 1984; 27: 720-722.

  103. Parks AG. Anorectal incontinence. Proc R Soc Med 1975; 68: 681-90.

  104. Jameson JS, Speakman CTM, Darzi A, Chia YW, Henry MM. Audit of postanal repair in the treatment of fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 1994; 37: 369-372.

  105. Gabriel JC. Principles and practice of rectal surgery. 3rd ed. London: HK Lewis, 1948.

  106. Christiansen J, Rednholt HC, Rasmussen O. Bilateral gluteus maximus transposition for anal incontinence. Br J Surg 1995; 82: 903.

  107. Devesa JM, Vicente E, Enriquez JM et al. Total fecal incontinence: A new method of gluteus maximum transposition. Preliminary results and report of previous experience with similar procedures. Dis Colon Rectum 1992; 35: 339.

  108. Pickrell KL, Broadbent TR, Masters FW et al. Construction of a rectal sphincter and restoration of anal continence by transplanting gracilis muscle: Report of four cases in children. Ann Surg 1952; 135: 853.

  109. Baeten CG, Bailey HR, Belliveau P et al. Safety and efficacy of dynamic graciloplasty for fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 2000; 43: 743-751.

  110. Vaizey JC, Kamm AM, Roy JA. Double-Blind Crossover Study of Sacral Nerve Stimulation for Fecal Incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 2000; 43: 298-302.

  111. Takahashi T, Garcia-Osogobio S, Valdovinos MA, Mass W, Jimenez R, Jauregui LA, Bobadilla J, Belmonte C, Edelstein PS. Utley DS. Radio-frequency energy delivery to the anal canal for the treatment of fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 2002; 45: 915-922.

  112. Christiansen J, Lorentzen M. Implantation of artificial sphincter for anal incontinence: Report of five cases. Dis Colon Rectum 1989; 32: 432-436.

  113. Spencer M, Wong W, Congilosi S, Nogueras J et al. Artificial anal sphincter: Preliminary results of a multicenter prospective trial. Dis Colon Rectum 1998; 41: A15 (Abstract).




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