medigraphic.com
ISSN 2225-4676 (Electronic)

2019, Number 2

<< Back Next >>

Rev Cubana Neurol Neurocir 2019; 9 (2)

Update on the etiology of epilepsy

Santos SA, Morales CLM, Dearriba RMU

Language: Spanish
References: 35
Page: 1-20
PDF size: 597.14 Kb.


ABSTRACT

Objective: Describe the causes of epilepsy, based on the new concepts of the International League Against Epilepsy classification (2017).
Acquisition of evidence: A bibliographic search was performed in PubMed/Medline databases. The search criteria used were articles on epilepsy and its causes in English and Spanish, published in the last 10 years. Articles of consensus, review and official publications of the commissions for epilepsy classification of the International League against Epilepsy were included. We reviewed 158 articles out of 2140 in total.
Results: Genetic causes are closely related to epilepsy. Congenital or acquired structural causes produce focal or hemispheric epileptic syndromes, many of which lead to drug-resistant epilepsy, feasible to treat with surgery. Metabolic, autoimmune and infectious causes also contribute to this disease.
Conclusions: There are several causes of epilepsy, including genetic, structural, mediated by immune mechanisms, metabolic and congenital metabolism errors, and infectious. Knowing the causes of epilepsy would allow us to assist patients more effectively by identifying, if possible, the causes; by recognizing those that are potentially curable; individualizing therapy, and early selecting candidates for epilepsy surgery.


REFERENCES

  1. Berg AT, Berkovic SF, Brodie MJ, Buchhalter J, Cross JH, van Emde Boas W, et al. Revised terminology and concepts for organization of seizures and epilepsies: report of the ILAE Commission on Classification and Terminology, 2005-2009. Epilepsia. 2010;51(4):676-85.

  2. Scheffer IE, French J, Hirsch E, Jain S, Mathern GW, Moshé SL, et al. Classification of the epilepsies: New concepts for discussion and debate-Special report of the ILAE Classification Task Force of the Commission for Classification and Terminology. Epilepsia Open. 2016;1(1-2):37-44.

  3. Wirrell E. Infantile, Childhood, and Adolescent Epilepsies. Continuum (MinneapMinn). 2016;22(1):60-93.

  4. Ottman R, Hirose S, Jain S, Lerche H, Lopes-Cendes I, Noebels JL, et al. Genetic testing in the epilepsies--report of the ILAE Genetics Commission. Epilepsia. 2010;51(4):655-70.

  5. Corbett MA, Bellows ST, Li M, Carroll R, Micallef S, Carvill GL, et al. Dominant KCNA2 mutation causes episodic ataxia and pharmaco responsive epilepsy. Neurology. 2016;87(19):1975-84.

  6. Moosa ANV, Wyllie E. Focal epileptogenic lesions. Handb Clin Neurol. 2013;111.493-510. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-52891-9.00053-1

  7. Cendes F, Theodore WH, Brinkmann BH, Sulc V, Cascino GD. Neuroimaging of epilepsy. HandbClin Neurol. 2016;136:985-1014.

  8. Ahmed R, Rubinger L, Go C, Drake JM, Rutka J, Carter Snead O, et al. Utility of additional dedicated high-resolution 3T MRI in children with medically refractory focal epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 2018;143:113-9.

  9. Skidmore CT. Adult Focal Epilepsies. Continuum (MinneapMinn). 2016;22(1):94-115.

  10. Barkovich AJ, Guerrini R, Kuzniecky RI, Jackson GD, Dobyns WB. A developmental and genetic classification for malformations of cortical development: update 2012. Brain. 2012 [citado: 05/07/2019]; 135(Pt 5):1348-69. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22427329

  11. Krsek P, Pieper T, Karlmeier A, Hildebrandt M, Kolodziejczyk D, Winkler P, et al. Different presurgical characteristics and seizure outcomes in children with focal cortical dysplasia type I or II. Epilepsia. 2009;50(1):125-37.

  12. Blümcke I, Thom M, Aronica E, Armstrong DD, Vinters HV, Palmini A, et al. The clinicopathologic spectrum of focal cortical dysplasias: a consensus classification proposed by an ad hoc Task Force of the ILAE Diagnostic Methods Commission. Epilepsia. 2011;52(1):158-74.

  13. Guerrini R. Polymicrogyria and epilepsy. Epilepsy. 2010;51(s1):10-2.

  14. Leventer RJ, Jansen A, Pilz DT, Stoodley N, Marini C, Dubeau F, et al. Clinical and imaging heterogeneity of polymicrogyria: a study of 328 patients. Brain. 2010 [citado: 05/07/2019];133(Pt 5):1415-27.

  15. Jalloh I, Cho N, Nga VDW, Whitney R, Jain P, Al-Mehmadi S, et al. The role of surgery in refractory epilepsy secondary to polymicrogyria in the pediatric population. Epilepsy. 2018;59(10):1982-96.

  16. Shain C, Ramgopal S, Fallil Z, Parulkar I, Alongi R, Knowlton R, et al. Polymicrogyria-associated epilepsy: a multicenter phenotypic study from the Epilepsy Phenome/Genome Project. Epilepsia. 2013;54(8):1368-75.

  17. Baumgartner JE, Blount JP, Blauwblomme T, Chandra PS. Technical descriptions of four hemispherectomy approaches: From the Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery Meeting at Gothenburg 2014. Epilepsia. 2017;58(Suppl 1):46-55.

  18. Devaux B, Chassoux F, Landré E, Turak B, Laurent A, Zanello M, et al. Surgery for dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors and gangliogliomas in eloquent areas. Functional results and seizure control. Neurochirurgie. 2017;63(3):227-34.

  19. Urbach H. Epilepsy Associated Tumors and Tumor-Like Lesions. En: Urbach H, editor. MRI in Epilepsy. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2013 [citado: 11/07/2019]. p. 109-23. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1007/174_2011_525

  20. Jehi L, Palmini A. Cerebral cavernous malformations in the setting of focal epilepsies: pathological findings, clinical characteristics, and surgical treatment principles. Acta neuropathol. 2014;128:55-65.

  21. Rosser T. Neurocutaneous Disorders. Continuum (MinneapMinn). 2018;24(1):96-129.

  22. Jehi L, Jetté N. Not all that glitters is gold: A guide to surgical trials in epilepsy. Epilepsia Open. 2016;1(1-2):22-36.

  23. Laxer KD, Trinka E, Hirsch LJ, Cendes F, Langfitt J, Delanty N, et al. The consequences of refractory epilepsy and its treatment. Epilepsy Behav. 2014;37:59-70.

  24. Usui N. Current topics in epilepsy surgery. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo).2016;56(5):228-35.

  25. Caciagli L, Bernasconi A, Wiebe S, Koepp MJ, Bernasconi N, Bernhardt BC. A meta-analysis on progressive atrophy in intractable temporal lobe epilepsy: Time is brain?Neurology. 2017;89(5):506-16.

  26. Kanchanatawan B, Limothai C, Srikijvilaikul T, Maes M. Clinical predictors of 2-year outcome of resective epilepsy surgery in adults with refractory epilepsy: a cohort study. BMJ Open. 2014;4(4):e004852-e004852.

  27. Prayson BE, Floden DP, Ferguson L, Kim KH, Jehi L, Busch RM. Effects of surgical side and site on psychological symptoms following epilepsy surgery in adults. Epilepsy Behav. 2017;68:108-14.

  28. Thom M. Review: Hippocampal sclerosis in epilepsy: a neuropathology review. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2014;40(5):520-43.

  29. Li CD, Luo SQ, Tang J, Jia G, Ma ZY, Zhang YQ. Classification of hypothalamic hamartoma and prognostic factors for surgical outcome. Acta Neurol Scand. 2014;130(1):18-26.

  30. Rizek P, Cheung C, McLachlan RS, Hayman-Abello B, Lee DH, Hammond RR, et al. Childhood-onset non progressive chronic encephalitis. Epilepsy Behav. 2014;31:85-90.

  31. Gaspard N. Autoimmune Epilepsy. Continuum (MinneapMinn). 2016;22(1):227-45.

  32. Ramanathan S, Mohammad SS, Brilot F, Dale RC. Autoimmune encephalitis: recent updates and emerging challenges. J Clin Neurosci. 2014;21(5):722-30.

  33. Tobin WO, Pittock SJ. Autoimmune Neurology of the Central Nervous System. Continuum (MinneapMinn). 2017;23(3):627-53.

  34. Sharma S, Prasad A. Inborn Errors of Metabolism and Epilepsy: Current Understanding, Diagnosis, and Treatment Approaches. Int J Mol Sci. 2017 Jul;18(7):1384.

  35. Kwon JM. Testing for Inborn Errors of Metabolism. Continuum (MinneapMinn). 2018;24(1):37-56.




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com