2017, Number 1
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Revista Mexicana de Trastornos Alimentarios 2017; 8 (1)
Kundalini yoga in women with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: A qualitative research
Concha MD, Cruzat-Mandich C, Moore C, Ugarte ML, Díaz-Castrillón F
Language: Spanish
References: 126
Page: 82-94
PDF size: 482.36 Kb.
ABSTRACT
Treatment for eating disorders should be multidisciplinary and may be complemented
by new techniques. Some studies have shown that yoga practice make patients feel better
with their bodies, improve their sensations, have healthier attitudes towards food and feel
more satisfied with themselves. This study seeks to know and describe the practical experience
of Kundalini yoga in women diagnosed with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. The intervention
consisted of eight sessions of Kundalini yoga with a sample of nine women. The design was
descriptive with a qualitative approach, based on the Grounded Theory, using semi-structured
interviews and written self-reports. The data was analyzed using open coding and the main
results were grouped in six categories: 1. Change to a positive view, 2. Appreciation of themselves,
3. Opening up to the experience of new emotions and sensations, 4. Development of
psychological capabilities, 5. Changes in the recovery process, and 6. Relevance of the workshop
to the recovery process. In conclusion, the patients reported as relevant the benefits of
the practice of Kundalini yoga, which grounds the importance of including this intervention in
the multidisciplinary treatment of eating disorders.
REFERENCES
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American Psychiatric Association. (2014). Manual diagnóstico y estadístico de los trastornos mentales (DSM-5). Buenos Aires: Editorial Médica Panamericana.
Asociación de Investigadores de Mercado de Chile (2008). Descripción de grupos socioeconómicos. Disponible en: http://www. aimchile.cl/Grupos Socioeconomicos AIM2008.pdf
Astin, J. (1997). Stress reduction through mindfulness meditation: Effects on psychological symptomatology, sense of control, and spiritual experiences. Psychotherpy and Psychosomatics, 66(2), 97---106.
Behar, R. (2008). La alteración de la imagen corporal en los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria: Aspectos biopsicosociales. Publicación Científica sobre Nutrición Clínica, 17(4), 109---117.
Behar, R., Barrera, M. y Michelotti, C. (2001). Identidad de género y trastornos de la conducta alimentaria. Revista Médica de Chile, 129(9), 1003---1011.
Behar, R. y Figueroa, G. (2004). Anorexia nerviosa y bulimia. Santiago: Mediterráneo.
Benjet, C., Méndez, E., Borges, G. y Medina-Mora, M. (2012). Epidemiología de los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria en una muestra representativa de adolescentes. Salud Mental, 35(6), 483---490.
Berg, K., Frazier, P. y Sherr, L. (2009). Change in eating disorder attitudes and behavior in college women: Prevalence and predictors. Eating Behaviors, 10(3), 137---142.
Boudette, R. (2006). Question & answer: Yoga in the treatment of disordered eating and body image disturbance: How can the practice of yoga be helpful in recovery from an eating disorder? Eating Disorders, 14(2), 167---170.
Brown, R. P. y Gerbarg, P. L. (2005). Sudarshan Kriya yogic breathing in the treatment of stress, anxiety, and depression: Part I, neurophysiologic model. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 11(2), 383---384.
Camarillo, N., Cabada, E., Gómez, A. J. y Munguía, E. K. (2013). Prevalencia de trastornos de la alimentación en adolescentes. Revista de Especialidades Médico-Quirúrgicas, 18(1), 51---55.
Carei, T., Fyfe-Johnson, A., Breuner, C. y Brown, M. (2009). Randomized controlled clinical trial of yoga in the treatment of eating disorders. Journal of Adolescent Health, 46(4), 346---351.
Cayupi, C. (2006). Experiencia de la práctica del kundalini yoga para el bienestar multidimensional [Tesis de licenciatura]. Valdivia, Chile: Universidad Austral de Chile.
Chinchilla, A. (2003). Trastornos de la conducta alimentaria. Barcelona: Masson.
Cordella, P. (2010). Anorexia bulimia y obesidad: Experiencia y reflexión con pacientes y familias. Santiago: Ediciones UC.
Cordero, E. (2010). Self-esteem, social support, collectivism, and the thin-ideal in Latina undergraduates. Body Image, 8(1), 82---85.
Correa, M. L., Zubarew, T., Silva, P. y Romero, M. I. (2006). Prevalencia de riesgo de trastornos alimentarios en adolescentes mujeres escolares de la Región Metropolitana. Revista Chilena de Pediatría, 77(2), 153---160.
Cruzat, C., Aspillaga, C., Behar, R., Espejo, C. y Gana, C. (2013). Facilitadores de la alianza terapéutica en la anorexia nerviosa: Una mirada desde la díada terapeuta-paciente. Revista Chilena de Neuro-Psiquiatría, 51(3), 175---183.
Cruzat, C., Aspillaga, C., Torres, M., Rodríguez, M., Díaz, M. y Haemmerli, C. (2010). Significados y vivencias subjetivas asociados a la presencia de un trastorno de la conducta alimentaria, desde la perspectiva de mujeres que lo padecen. Psykhe, 19(1), 3---17.
Cruzat, C. y Cortez, I. (2008). Expresión emocional, afecto negativo, alexitimia, depresión y ansiedad en mujeres jóvenes con trastornos de alimentación: Una revisión teórica. Revista Argentina de Clínica Psicológica, 17(1), 5---17.
Cruzat, C. y Haemmerli, C. (2009). Escuchando a los pacientes con trastornos alimentarios en relación a su tratamiento. Revista Argentina de Clínica Psicológica, 18(2), 5---17.
Dale, L. P., Mattison, A. M., Greening, K., Galen, G., Neace, W. P. y Matacin, M. L. (2009). Yoga workshop impacts psychological functioning and mood of women with self-reported history of eating disorders. Eating Disorders, 17(5), 422---434.
Daubenmier, J. (2005). The relationship of yoga, body awareness, and body responsiveness to self-objectification and disordered eating. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 29(2), 855---866.
De la Barra, M. F., Vicente, P. B., Saldivia, B. S. y Melipillán, A. R. (2012). Estudio de epidemiología psiquiátrica en ninos ˜ y adolescentes en Chile: Estado actual. Revista Médica Clínica Las Condes, 23(5), 521---529.
Dittmann, K. A. y Freedman, M. R. (2009). Body awareness, eating attitudes, and spiritual beliefs of women practicing yoga. Eating Disorders, 17(4), 273---292.
Douglass, L. (2009). Yoga as an intervention in the treatment of eating disorders: Does it help? Eating Disorders, 17(2), 126---139.
Douglass, L. (2011). Thinking through the body: The conceptualization of yoga as therapy for individuals with eating disorders. Eating Disorders, 19(1), 83---96.
Douglas, V. y Varnado-Sullivan, P. (2016). Weight stigmatization, internalization, and eating disorder symptoms: The role of emotion dysregulation. Stigma and Health, 1(3), 166---175.
Escobar, T., Cruzat, C. y Florenzano, R. (2014). Treatments for eating disorders: The patients’ views. En I. Jauregui-Lobera (Ed.), Relevant topics in eating disorders (pp. 253-268). Disponible en: http://www.intechopen.com/books/relevanttopics-in-eatingdisorders/treatments-for-eating-disorders-thepatients-views
Evans, S., Ferrando, S., Findler, M., Stowell, C., Smart, C. y Haglin, D. (2008). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22(4), 716---721.
Foltz-Gray, D. (2006). Happy in your own skin. Yoga Journal, 196, 76---81.
Foltz-Gray, D. (2007). Happy meals: Transform unhealthful eating habits with yoga. Yoga Journal, 206, 45---48.
Glaser, B. y Strauss, A. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory. Chicago: Aldine.
Gootjes, L., Franken, I. y van Strien, J. (2011). Cognitive emotion regulation in yogic meditative practitioners: Sustained modulation of electrical brain potentials. Journal of Psychophysiology, 25(2), 87---94.
Goyeche, J. (1979). Yoga as therapy in psychosomatic medicine. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 31(1---4), 373---381.
Greenblatt, J. (2010). Answers to anorexia: A new breasthough nutritional treatment that is saving lives. North Branch, MN: Sunrise River Press.
Hall, L. y Cohn, L. (2001). Cómo entender y superar la bulimia. California: Gurze Books.
Hopkins, L. B., Medina, J. L., Baird, S. O., Rosenfield, D., Powers, M. B. y Smits, J. A. (2016). Heated hatha yoga to target cortisol reactivity to stress and affective eating in women at risk for obesity-related illnesses: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 84(6), 558---564.
Kimchi, J., Polivka, B. y Stevenson, J. (1991). Triangulation: Operational definitions. Nursing Research, 40(6), 364---366.
Klein, J. y Cook-Cottone, C. (2013). The effects of yoga on eating disorder symptoms and correlates: A review. International Journal of Yoga Therapy, 23(2), 41---50.
Krause, M. (1995). La investigación cualitativa: Un campo de desafíos. Revista Temas de Educación, 7, 19---39.
Kundalini Research Institute. (2007). El maestro de la era de acuario: Manual del curso de instructores basado en las ensenanzas ˜ de Yogui Bhajan. California: Autor.
Lavender, J. M., Wonderlich, S. A., Engel, S. G., Gordon, K. H., Kaye, W. H. y Mitchell, J. E. (2015). Dimensions of emotion dysregulation in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: A conceptual review of the empirical literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 40, 111---122.
Martínez, M. (2006). La investigación cualitativa (síntesis conceptual). Revista de Investigación en Psicología, 9(1), 123---146.
McManus, F., Waite, P. y Shafran, R. (2008). Cognitive-behavior therapy for low self-esteem: A case example. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 16(3), 266---275.
Mitchell, K. S., Mazzeo, S. E., Rausch, S. M. y Cooke, K. L. (2007). Innovative interventions for disordered eating: Evaluating dissonance-based and yoga interventions. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 40(2), 120---128.
Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2014). Yoga and eating disorders: Is therea place for yoga in the prevention and treatment of eatingdisorders and disordered eating behaviors? Advances in EatingDisorders, 2(2), 136---145.
Ong, J. C., Shapiro, S. L. y Manber, R. (2008). Combiningmindfulness meditation with cognitive-behavior therapy forinsomnia: A treatment-development study. Behavior Therapy,39(2), 171---182.
Patton, M. (1988). How to use qualitative methods in evaluation.California: Sage.
Prichard, I. y Tiggemann, M. (2007). Relations among exercise type,self-objectification, and body image in the fitness centre envi-ronment: The role of reasons for exercise. Psychology of Sportand Exercise, 9(6), 855---866.
Racine, S. E. y Wildes, J. E. (2013). Emotion dysregulation andsymptoms of anorexia nervosa: The unique roles of lack of emo-tional awareness and impulse control difficulties when upset.International Journal of Eating Disorders, 46(7), 713---720.
Rodríguez, G., Gil, J. y García, E. (1996). Metodología de la inves-tigación cualitativa. Málaga: Aljibe.
Ruíz, J. (2003). Metodología de la investigación cualitativa. Deusto,Bilbao: Universidad de Deusto.
Shannahoff-Khalsa, D. (2004). An introduction to kundalini yogameditation techniques that are specific for the treatment ofpsychiatric disorders. Journal of Alternative and Complemen-tary Medicine, 10(1), 91---101.
Shannahoff-Khalsa, D. (2006). Kundalini yoga meditation. NuevaYork: W. W. Norton.
Shannahoff-Khalsa, D., Ray, L., Levine, S., Gallen, C., Schwartz, J. ySidorowich, J. (1999). Randomized control trial of yogic medita-tion techniques for patients with obsessive compulsive disorders.CNS Spectrums, 4(12), 34---47.
Strauss, A. y Corbin, J. (2002). Bases de la investigación cualitativa:Técnicas y procedimientos para desarrollar la teoría fundamen-tada. Medellín: Universidad de Antioquia.
Tang, Y., Ma, Y., Wang, J., Fan, Y., Feng, S., Lu, Q., et al. (2007).Short-term meditation training improves attention and self-regulation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,104(43), 17152---17156.
Tummers, N. (2005). Yoga and health at every size. Journal of Healthat Every Size, 19(2), 91---100.
Urzúa, A., Castro, S., Lillo, A. y Leal, C. (2011). Prevalencia deriesgo de trastornos alimentarios en adolescentes escolarizadosdel norte de Chile. Revista Chilena de Nutrición, 38(2), 128---135.
Vieytes, R. (2004). Metodología de la investigación en organizacio-nes, mercado y sociedad. Buenos Aires: Editorial de las Ciencias.
Walsh, R. y Vaughan, F. (1982). Más allá del ego: Textos de psicologíatranspersonal. Barcelona: Kairos.
Alonso, M. (2012). Acompanando ˜ a Blanca: Trastornos de la conducta alimentaria y arteterapia. Arteterapia, 7, 79---96.
American Psychiatric Association. (2014). Manual diagnóstico y estadístico de los trastornos mentales (DSM-5). Buenos Aires: Editorial Médica Panamericana.
Asociación de Investigadores de Mercado de Chile (2008). Descripción de grupos socioeconómicos. Disponible en: http://www. aimchile.cl/Grupos Socioeconomicos AIM2008.pdf
Astin, J. (1997). Stress reduction through mindfulness meditation: Effects on psychological symptomatology, sense of control, and spiritual experiences. Psychotherpy and Psychosomatics, 66(2), 97---106.
Behar, R. (2008). La alteración de la imagen corporal en los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria: Aspectos biopsicosociales. Publicación Científica sobre Nutrición Clínica, 17(4), 109---117.
Behar, R., Barrera, M. y Michelotti, C. (2001). Identidad de género y trastornos de la conducta alimentaria. Revista Médica de Chile, 129(9), 1003---1011.
Behar, R. y Figueroa, G. (2004). Anorexia nerviosa y bulimia. Santiago: Mediterráneo.
Benjet, C., Méndez, E., Borges, G. y Medina-Mora, M. (2012). Epidemiología de los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria en una muestra representativa de adolescentes. Salud Mental, 35(6), 483---490.
Berg, K., Frazier, P. y Sherr, L. (2009). Change in eating disorder attitudes and behavior in college women: Prevalence and predictors. Eating Behaviors, 10(3), 137---142.
Boudette, R. (2006). Question & answer: Yoga in the treatment of disordered eating and body image disturbance: How can the practice of yoga be helpful in recovery from an eating disorder? Eating Disorders, 14(2), 167---170.
Brown, R. P. y Gerbarg, P. L. (2005). Sudarshan Kriya yogic breathing in the treatment of stress, anxiety, and depression: Part I, neurophysiologic model. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 11(2), 383---384.
Camarillo, N., Cabada, E., Gómez, A. J. y Munguía, E. K. (2013). Prevalencia de trastornos de la alimentación en adolescentes. Revista de Especialidades Médico-Quirúrgicas, 18(1), 51---55.
Carei, T., Fyfe-Johnson, A., Breuner, C. y Brown, M. (2009). Randomized controlled clinical trial of yoga in the treatment of eating disorders. Journal of Adolescent Health, 46(4), 346---351.
Cayupi, C. (2006). Experiencia de la práctica del kundalini yoga para el bienestar multidimensional [Tesis de licenciatura]. Valdivia, Chile: Universidad Austral de Chile.
Chinchilla, A. (2003). Trastornos de la conducta alimentaria. Barcelona: Masson.
Cordella, P. (2010). Anorexia bulimia y obesidad: Experiencia y reflexión con pacientes y familias. Santiago: Ediciones UC.
Cordero, E. (2010). Self-esteem, social support, collectivism, and the thin-ideal in Latina undergraduates. Body Image, 8(1), 82---85.
Correa, M. L., Zubarew, T., Silva, P. y Romero, M. I. (2006). Prevalencia de riesgo de trastornos alimentarios en adolescentes mujeres escolares de la Región Metropolitana. Revista Chilena de Pediatría, 77(2), 153---160.
Cruzat, C., Aspillaga, C., Behar, R., Espejo, C. y Gana, C. (2013). Facilitadores de la alianza terapéutica en la anorexia nerviosa: Una mirada desde la díada terapeuta-paciente. Revista Chilena de Neuro-Psiquiatría, 51(3), 175---183.
Cruzat, C., Aspillaga, C., Torres, M., Rodríguez, M., Díaz, M. y Haemmerli, C. (2010). Significados y vivencias subjetivas asociados a la presencia de un trastorno de la conducta alimentaria, desde la perspectiva de mujeres que lo padecen. Psykhe, 19(1), 3---17.
Cruzat, C. y Cortez, I. (2008). Expresión emocional, afecto negativo, alexitimia, depresión y ansiedad en mujeres jóvenes con trastornos de alimentación: Una revisión teórica. Revista Argentina de Clínica Psicológica, 17(1), 5---17.
Cruzat, C. y Haemmerli, C. (2009). Escuchando a los pacientes con trastornos alimentarios en relación a su tratamiento. Revista Argentina de Clínica Psicológica, 18(2), 5---17.
Dale, L. P., Mattison, A. M., Greening, K., Galen, G., Neace, W. P. y Matacin, M. L. (2009). Yoga workshop impacts psychological functioning and mood of women with self-reported history of eating disorders. Eating Disorders, 17(5), 422---434.
Daubenmier, J. (2005). The relationship of yoga, body awareness, and body responsiveness to self-objectification and disordered eating. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 29(2), 855---866.
De la Barra, M. F., Vicente, P. B., Saldivia, B. S. y Melipillán, A. R. (2012). Estudio de epidemiología psiquiátrica en ninos ˜ y adolescentes en Chile: Estado actual. Revista Médica Clínica Las Condes, 23(5), 521---529.
Dittmann, K. A. y Freedman, M. R. (2009). Body awareness, eating attitudes, and spiritual beliefs of women practicing yoga. Eating Disorders, 17(4), 273---292.
Douglass, L. (2009). Yoga as an intervention in the treatment of eating disorders: Does it help? Eating Disorders, 17(2), 126---139.
Douglass, L. (2011). Thinking through the body: The conceptualization of yoga as therapy for individuals with eating disorders. Eating Disorders, 19(1), 83---96.
Douglas, V. y Varnado-Sullivan, P. (2016). Weight stigmatization, internalization, and eating disorder symptoms: The role of emotion dysregulation. Stigma and Health, 1(3), 166---175.
Escobar, T., Cruzat, C. y Florenzano, R. (2014). Treatments for eating disorders: The patients’ views. En I. Jauregui-Lobera (Ed.), Relevant topics in eating disorders (pp. 253-268). Disponible en: http://www.intechopen.com/books/relevanttopics-in-eatingdisorders/treatments-for-eating-disorders-thepatients-views
Evans, S., Ferrando, S., Findler, M., Stowell, C., Smart, C. y Haglin, D. (2008). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22(4), 716---721.
Foltz-Gray, D. (2006). Happy in your own skin. Yoga Journal, 196, 76---81.
Foltz-Gray, D. (2007). Happy meals: Transform unhealthful eating habits with yoga. Yoga Journal, 206, 45---48.
Glaser, B. y Strauss, A. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory. Chicago: Aldine.
Gootjes, L., Franken, I. y van Strien, J. (2011). Cognitive emotion regulation in yogic meditative practitioners: Sustained modulation of electrical brain potentials. Journal of Psychophysiology, 25(2), 87---94.
Goyeche, J. (1979). Yoga as therapy in psychosomatic medicine. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 31(1---4), 373---381.
Greenblatt, J. (2010). Answers to anorexia: A new breasthough nutritional treatment that is saving lives. North Branch, MN: Sunrise River Press.
Hall, L. y Cohn, L. (2001). Cómo entender y superar la bulimia. California: Gurze Books.
Hopkins, L. B., Medina, J. L., Baird, S. O., Rosenfield, D., Powers, M. B. y Smits, J. A. (2016). Heated hatha yoga to target cortisol reactivity to stress and affective eating in women at risk for obesity-related illnesses: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 84(6), 558---564.
Kimchi, J., Polivka, B. y Stevenson, J. (1991). Triangulation: Operational definitions. Nursing Research, 40(6), 364---366.
Klein, J. y Cook-Cottone, C. (2013). The effects of yoga on eating disorder symptoms and correlates: A review. International Journal of Yoga Therapy, 23(2), 41---50.
Krause, M. (1995). La investigación cualitativa: Un campo de desafíos. Revista Temas de Educación, 7, 19---39.
Kundalini Research Institute. (2007). El maestro de la era de acuario: Manual del curso de instructores basado en las ensenanzas ˜ de Yogui Bhajan. California: Autor.
Lavender, J. M., Wonderlich, S. A., Engel, S. G., Gordon, K. H., Kaye, W. H. y Mitchell, J. E. (2015). Dimensions of emotion dysregulation in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: A conceptual review of the empirical literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 40, 111---122.
Martínez, M. (2006). La investigación cualitativa (síntesis conceptual). Revista de Investigación en Psicología, 9(1), 123---146.
McManus, F., Waite, P. y Shafran, R. (2008). Cognitive-behavior therapy for low self-esteem: A case example. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 16(3), 266---275.
Mitchell, K. S., Mazzeo, S. E., Rausch, S. M. y Cooke, K. L. (2007). Innovative interventions for disordered eating: Evaluating dissonance-based and yoga interventions. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 40(2), 120---128.
Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2014). Yoga and eating disorders: Is therea place for yoga in the prevention and treatment of eatingdisorders and disordered eating behaviors? Advances in EatingDisorders, 2(2), 136---145.
Ong, J. C., Shapiro, S. L. y Manber, R. (2008). Combiningmindfulness meditation with cognitive-behavior therapy forinsomnia: A treatment-development study. Behavior Therapy,39(2), 171---182.
Patton, M. (1988). How to use qualitative methods in evaluation.California: Sage.
Prichard, I. y Tiggemann, M. (2007). Relations among exercise type,self-objectification, and body image in the fitness centre envi-ronment: The role of reasons for exercise. Psychology of Sportand Exercise, 9(6), 855---866.
Racine, S. E. y Wildes, J. E. (2013). Emotion dysregulation andsymptoms of anorexia nervosa: The unique roles of lack of emo-tional awareness and impulse control difficulties when upset.International Journal of Eating Disorders, 46(7), 713---720.
Rodríguez, G., Gil, J. y García, E. (1996). Metodología de la inves-tigación cualitativa. Málaga: Aljibe.
Ruíz, J. (2003). Metodología de la investigación cualitativa. Deusto,Bilbao: Universidad de Deusto.
Shannahoff-Khalsa, D. (2004). An introduction to kundalini yogameditation techniques that are specific for the treatment ofpsychiatric disorders. Journal of Alternative and Complemen-tary Medicine, 10(1), 91---101.
Shannahoff-Khalsa, D. (2006). Kundalini yoga meditation. NuevaYork: W. W. Norton.
Shannahoff-Khalsa, D., Ray, L., Levine, S., Gallen, C., Schwartz, J. ySidorowich, J. (1999). Randomized control trial of yogic medita-tion techniques for patients with obsessive compulsive disorders.CNS Spectrums, 4(12), 34---47.
Strauss, A. y Corbin, J. (2002). Bases de la investigación cualitativa:Técnicas y procedimientos para desarrollar la teoría fundamen-tada. Medellín: Universidad de Antioquia.
Tang, Y., Ma, Y., Wang, J., Fan, Y., Feng, S., Lu, Q., et al. (2007).Short-term meditation training improves attention and self-regulation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,104(43), 17152---17156.
Tummers, N. (2005). Yoga and health at every size. Journal of Healthat Every Size, 19(2), 91---100.
Urzúa, A., Castro, S., Lillo, A. y Leal, C. (2011). Prevalencia deriesgo de trastornos alimentarios en adolescentes escolarizadosdel norte de Chile. Revista Chilena de Nutrición, 38(2), 128---135.
Vieytes, R. (2004). Metodología de la investigación en organizacio-nes, mercado y sociedad. Buenos Aires: Editorial de las Ciencias.
Walsh, R. y Vaughan, F. (1982). Más allá del ego: Textos de psicologíatranspersonal. Barcelona: Kairos.
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