medigraphic.com
ISSN 0185-3325 (Print)
Órgano Oficial del Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz

2019, Number 4

<< Back Next >>

Salud Mental 2019; 42 (4)

Impact of funding harm reduction programs for people who inject drugs in Mexico

Valenzuela-Lara M, Ponce-Ramos M, Ruiz-Herrera K, López-González A

Language: English
References: 39
Page: 157-163
PDF size: 365.03 Kb.


ABSTRACT

Introduction. Despite evidence from harm reduction programs, there are limited data on their impact in Mexico. The Mexican National HIV Program has supported harm reduction programs implemented by community- based organizations both financially and technically. Objective. To obtain an estimate of HIV infections averted from 2015 to 2018. Method. A deterministic model was developed to estimate the number of infections, with harm reduction projects financed by CENSIDA and implemented by Community-Based Organizations, using data reported from the period 2015 to 2018. The benefit was obtained by estimating the costs of providing prevention programs and comparing the latter to the costs of providing care. Results. An analysis of 66,973 people included in harm reduction programs showed that an estimated 869 HIV infections were averted between 2015 and 2018. Potential savings obtained by providing these harm reduction services exceeded over $600,000 Mexican pesos for every infection averted. Discussion and conclusion. Harm reduction services play a key role in reducing the incidence of HIV in Mexico. Ensuring their financing is necessary since, combined with other services, they are a cost-effective tool for reducing the economic and public health burden of HIV/AIDS.


REFERENCES

  1. Aspinall, E. J., Nambiar, D., Goldberg, D. J., Hickman, M., Weir, A., Van Velzen, E., ... Hutchinson, S. J. (2014). Are needle and syringe programmes associated with a reduction in HIV transmission among people who inject drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Epidemiology, 43(1), 235- 248. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyt243

  2. Azim, T., Bontell, I., & Strathdee, S. A. (2015). Women, drugs and HIV. International Journal of Drug Policy, 26(Suppl 1), S16-S21. doi: 10.1016/j. drugpo.2014.09.003

  3. Bautista-Arredondo, S., Colchero, M. A., Sosa-Rubí, S. G., Romero, M., & Conde, C. (2012). Diagnóstico situacional, mapeo de sitios de encuentro y evaluación de impacto de las estrategias de prevención en México. Informe sobre la encuesta en sitios de encuentro de HSH. Cuernavaca, Morelos: Secretaría de Salud. Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (INSP).

  4. Berbesi, D., Segura-Cardona, A., Montoya-Vélez, L., & Mateu-Gelabert, P. (2013). Consumo de heroína inyectada en Colombia y comportamientos de riesgo. Salud mental, 36(1), 27-31.

  5. Borquez, A., Beletsky, L., Nosyk, B., Strathdee, S. A., Madrazo, A., Abramovitz, D., ... Martin, N. K. (2018). The effect of public health-oriented drug law reform on HIV incidence in people who inject drugs in Tijuana, Mexico: an epidemic modelling study. The Lancet Public Health, 3(9), e429-e437. doi: 10.1016/ S2468-2667(18)30097-5

  6. Broz, D., Pham, H., Spiller, M., Wejnert, C., Le, B., Neaigus, A., & Paz-Bailey, G. (2014). Prevalence of HIV infection and risk behaviors among younger and older injecting drug users in the United States, 2009. AIDS and Behavior, 18(Suppl 3), 284-296. doi: 10.1007/s10461-013-0660-4

  7. Bucardo, J., Brouwer, K. C., Magis-Rodríguez, C., Ramos, R., Fraga, M., Perez, S. G., ... Strathdee, S. A. (2005). Historical trends in the production and consumption of illicit drugs in Mexico: implications for the prevention of blood borne infections. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 79(3), 281-293. doi: 10.1016 / j.drugalcdep.2005.02.003

  8. Case, K. K., Ghys, P. D., Gouws, E., Eaton, J. W., Borquez, A., Stover, J., ... Hallett, T. B. (2012). Understanding the modes of transmission model of new HIV infection and its use in prevention planning. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 90(11), 831-838A. doi: 10.2471/BLT.12.102574

  9. Centro Nacional para la Prevención y Control del VIH/SIDA [CENSIDA]. (2008). Manual para la prevención del VIH/SIDA en usuarios de drogas inyectadas. México: Secretaría de Salud, ISBN 970-721-139-3. Retrieved from: http://www. censida.salud.gob.mx/descargas/biblioteca/documentos/manual_udi2008.pdf

  10. Centro Nacional para la Prevención y Control del VIH/SIDA [CENSIDA]. (2010). Estimaciones de volumen de población HSH y UDI. Documento de trabajo.

  11. Centro Nacional para la Prevención y Control del SIDA. Dirección de Investigación Operativa. Ciudad de México.

  12. Centro Nacional para la Prevención y Control del VIH/SIDA [CENSIDA]. (2017). Reporte anual de la aplicación de pruebas para la detección del VIH en la Secretaría de Salud, 2016. Boletín de Atención Integral de Personas con VIH, 3(1), 7-19 Retrieved from: https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/ file/226743/Boletin_Nal_CENSIDA_AT_IN_ene_mar_2017.pdf

  13. Cook, C., Bridge, J., McLean, S., Phelan, M., & Barrett, D. (2014). The funding crisis for harm reduction: Donor retreat, government neglect and the way forward. London: International Harm Reduction Association. ISBN 978-0-9927609-1-5. Retrived from: https://www.hri.global/files/2014/09/22/Funding_report_2014. pdf

  14. Cruz Juárez, A., Coronel Martín del Campo, G., Pavón-León, P., Gogeascoechea- Trejo, M., De San Jorge Cárdenas, X., Blázquez-Morales, M., ... Ramírez Cruz, C. (2010). Consumo de drogas y VIH/SIDA en Centroamérica: una revisión de los modelos y teorías. Revista Médica de la Universidad Veracruzana, 10(2), 24-31. Retrived from: https://www.medigraphic.com › pdfs › veracruzana › muv-2010 › muv102d

  15. Degenhardt, L., Peacock, A., Colledge, S., Leung, J., Grebely, J., Vickerman, P., ... Mattick, R. (2017). Global prevalence of injecting drug use and sociodemographic characteristics and prevalence of HIV, HBV, and HCV in people who inject drugs: a multistage systematic review. The Lancet Global Health, 5(12), e1192-e1207. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30375-3

  16. Dirección General de Epidemiología. (2016). Informe SISVEA. Sistema de Vigilancia Epidemiológica para las Adicciones. Secretaría de Salud. Retrieved from: http://187.191.75.115/gobmx/salud/documentos/info_sisvea/informes_ sisvea_2016.pdf

  17. Fleiz-Bautista, C., Domínguez-García, M., Villatoro-Velázquez, J. A., Vázquez- Quiroz, F., Zafra-Mora, E., Sánchez-Ramos, R., ... Medina-Mora M. E. (2019). Cuqueando la Chiva: Contextos del consumo de heroína en la frontera norte de México. Ciudad de México, México: Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz.

  18. HIV Modelling Consortium. (2019). HIV Modelling Consortium: Summary of aims, objectives, and work packages. Retrieved from: http://www.hivmodelling.org/ sites/default/files/HIV%20MC%20Core%20Slide%20Deck_2015.pdf

  19. Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública [INPRFM], Comisión Nacional Contra las Adicciones [CONADIC]. (2017) Encuesta Nacional de Consumo de Drogas, Alcohol y Tabaco 2016-2017: Reporte de Drogas. Ciudad de México, México: Secretaría de Salud.

  20. International Harm Reduction Association (2010). What is Harm Reduction? A position statement from the International Harm Reduction Association. IHRA Briefing. Recuperado de: https://www.hri.global/files/2010/08/10/Briefing_ What_is_HR_English.pdf

  21. Kessler, J., Myers, J. E., Nucifora, K. A., Mensah, N., Kowalski, A., Sweeney, M., … & Braithwaite, R. S. (2013). Averting HIV infections in New York City: A modeling approach estimating the future impact of additional behavioral and biomedical HIV prevention strategies. PloS One, 8(9), e73269. doi: 10.1371/ journal.pone.0073269

  22. . Magis-Rodríguez, C., García-Sánchez, J. A., & Marín-Navarrete, R. (2018). Harm reduction among people who inject drugs in Mexico. Salud Mental, 41(4), 153- 156. doi: 10.17711/SM.0185-3325.2018.023

  23. Marzel, A., Kusejko, K., Weber, R., Bruggmann, P., Rauch, A., Roth, J. A., … & Swiss HIV Cohort Study (2018). The cumulative impact of harm reduction on the Swiss HIV epidemic: Cohort study, mathematical model, and phylogenetic analysis. Open Forum Infectious Diseases, 5(5), ofy078. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofy078

  24. Mathers, B. M., Degenhardt, L., Bucello, C., Lemon, J., Wiessing, L., & Hickman, M. (2013). Mortality among people who inject drugs: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 91(2), 102-123. doi: 10.2471/BLT.12.108282

  25. Montain, J., Ti, L., Hayashi, K., Nguyen, P., Wood, E., & Kerr, T. (2016). Impact of length of injecting career on HIV incidence among people who inject drugs. Addictive Behaviors, 58, 90-94. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.02.020

  26. Moyer, L. B., Brouwer, K. C., Brodine, S. K., Ramos, R., Lozada, R., Firestone Cruz, M., ... Strathdee, S. A. (2008). Barriers and missed opportunities to HIV testing among injection drug users in two Mexico–US border cities. Drug and Alcohol Review, 27(1), 39-45. doi: 10.1080/09595230701710845

  27. Ni, M. J., Fu, L. P., Chen, X. L., Hu, X. Y., & Wheeler, K. (2012). Net financial benefits of averting HIV infections among people who inject drugs in Urumqi, Xinjiang, Peoples Republic of China (2005–2010). BMC Public Health, 12(1), 572. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-572

  28. Nosyk, B., Zang, X., Min, J. E., Krebs, E., Lima, V. D., Milloy, M. J., ... Montaner, J. (2017). Relative effects of antiretroviral therapy and harm reduction initiatives on HIV incidence in British Columbia, Canada, 1996–2013: A modelling study. The Lancet HIV, 4(7), e303-e310. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3018(17)30045-0

  29. Ospina-Escobar, A. (2016). Personas que se inyectan drogas en Hermosillo, Sonora. Metodología para su registro. Región y sociedad, 28(67), 45-77.

  30. Platt, L., Easterbrook, P., Gower, E., McDonald, B., Sabin, K., McGowan, C., ... Vickerman, P. (2016). Prevalence and burden of HCV co-infection in people living with HIV: A global systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 16(7), 797-808. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00485-5

  31. Rhodes, T., Singer, M., Bourgois, P., Friedmand, S. R., & Strathdee, S. A. (2005). The social structural production of HIV risk among injecting drug users. Social Science & Medicine, 61(5), 1026-1044. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.12.024

  32. Stone, K. & Shirley-Beavan, S. (2018). The Global State of Harm Reduction 2018. London: Harm Reduction International. ISBN: 978-0-9935434-7-0. Retrieved from: https://www.hri.global/files/2019/02/05/global-state-harmreduction- 2018.pdf

  33. Strathdee, S. A., Philbin, M. M., Semple, S. J., Pu, M., Orozovich, P., Martinez, G., ... Patterson, T. L. (2008). Correlates of injection drug use among female sex workers in two Mexico–U.S. border cities. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 92(1-3), 132-140. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.07.001

  34. Strathdee, S. A., Hallett, T. B., Bobrova, N., Rhodes, T., Booth, R., Abdool, R., & Hankins, C. A. (2010). HIV and risk environment for injecting drug users: the past, present, and future. The Lancet, 376(9737), 268-284. doi: 10.1016/S0140- 6736(10)60743-X

  35. Strathdee, S. A., Magis-Rodriguez, C. L., Mays, V. M., Jimenez, R., & Patterson, T. L. (2012). The emerging HIV epidemic on the Mexico-U.S. border: An international case study characterizing the role of epidemiology in surveillance and response. Annals of Epidemiology, 22(6), 426-438. doi: 10.1016/j. annepidem.2012.04.002

  36. Strathdee, S. A., Abramovitz, D., Lozada, R., Martinez, G., Rangel, M. G., Vera, A., ... Patterson, T. L. (2013). Reductions in HIV/STI incidence and sharing of injection equipment among female sex workers who inject drugs: results from a randomized controlled trial. PloS One, 8(6), e65812. doi: 10.1371/journal. pone.0065812

  37. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime [UNODC]. (2016). Documento final del período extraordinario de sesiones de la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas sobre el problema mundial de las drogas celebrado en 2016. Nueva York: Naciones Unidas. Retrieved from: https://www.unodc.org/documents/ postungass2016/outcome/V1603304-S.pdf

  38. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime [UNODC]. (2019). World Drug Report 2019. Vienna, Austria: United Nations Publication. ISBN: 978-92-1-148314- 7. Retrieved from: https://wdr.unodc.org/wdr2019/prelaunch/WDR19_ Booklet_1_EXECUTIVE_SUMMARY.pdf

  39. World Health Organization. (2012). WHO, UNODC, UNAIDS technical guide for countries to set targets for universal access to HIV prevention, treatment and care for injecting drug users – 2012 revision. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Document Production Services. ISBN: 978-92-4-159776-0. Retrieved from: https://www.who.int/hiv/pub/idu/targets_universal_access/en/




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com