2018, Number 6
<< Back Next >>
Med Int Mex 2018; 34 (6)
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Review of risk scales and cardiovascular age
Sarre-Álvarez D, Cabrera-Jardines R, Rodríguez-Weber F, Díaz-Greene E
Language: Spanish
References: 50
Page: 910-923
PDF size: 488.34 Kb.
ABSTRACT
Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of death in our country and the world;
these are directly related to atherosclerosis and its well-established risk factors. The
identification of these risk factors has led to the development of tools to calculate the
probability of diseases, which is known as cardiovascular risk. This article reviews briefly
the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases, its relationship with atherosclerosis,
cardiovascular risk scales and a new tool known as vascular age.
REFERENCES
GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 cau of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet (London, England) [Internet] 2015;385(9963):117-71. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140- 6736(14)61682-2%5Cnhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pubmed/25530442%5Cnhttp://www.pubmedcentral.nih. gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC4340604
National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation [Internet] 2002;106(25):3143-421. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19970012342
Stone NJ, Robinson JG, Lichtenstein AH, et al. 2013 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Treatment of Blood Cholesterol to Reduce Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Risk in Adults. Circulation [Internet] 2014;129(25 Suppl 2):S1-45. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pubmed/24222016%5Cnhttp://circ.ahajournals.org/lookup/ doi/10.1161/01.cir.0000437738.63853.7a
Conroy RM, Pyörälä K, Fitzgerald AP, et al. Estimation of ten-year risk of fatal cardiovascular disease in Europe: The SCORE project. Eur Heart J 2003;24(11):987-1003.
Ishisone T, Nagano M, Onodera M, et al. Superiority of pulse wave velocity for cardiovascular risk assessment among noninvasive arterial stiffness parameters in the general population. J Am Coll Cardiol [Internet]. 2013;61(10):E1431. Available from: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/ pii/S073510971361431X
McEniery CM, Cockcroft JR, Roman MJ, et al. Central blood pressure: Current evidence and clinical importance. Eur Heart J 2014;35.
Lahoz C, Mostaza JM. La Aterosclerosis como enfermedad sistémica. Rev Española Cardiol [Internet]. 2007 Feb 1 [cited 2018 Mar 28];60(2):184-95. Available from: http:// linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0300893207750091
Rapsomaniki E, Timmis A, George J, et al. Blood pressure and incidence of twelve cardiovascular diseases: Lifetime risks, healthy life-years lost, and age-specific associations in 1·25 million people. Lancet 2014;383(9932):1899-911.
Roth GA, Forouzanfar MH, Moran AE, et al. Demographic and epidemiologic drivers of global cardiovascular mortality. N Engl J Med [Internet] 2015;372(14):1333- 41. Available from: http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/ NEJMoa1406656
Mozaffarian D, Benjamin EJ, Go AS, et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics--2015 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association [Internet]. Vol. 131, Circulation 2015;29-322. Available from: http://circ.ahajournals.org/ cgi/doi/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000152
Insull W. The pathology of atherosclerosis: Plaque development and plaque responses to medical treatment. Am J Med 2009;122(1 Suppl.).
Libby P. History of discovery: Inflammation in atherosclerosis. Arter Thromb Vasc Biol 2012;32(9):2045-51.
Robbins CS, Hilgendorf I, Weber GF, et al. Local proliferation dominates lesional macrophage accumulation in atherosclerosis. Nat Med 2013;19(9):1166-72.
Mallika V, Goswami B, Rajappa M. Atherosclerosis pathophysiology and the role of novel risk factors: A clinicobiochemical perspective. Vol. 58, Angiology 2007;513-22.
Hansson GKMDP. Mechanisms of disease: Inflammation, Atherosclerosis, and Coronary Artery Disease. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 2005;352(16):1685–95. Available from: http:// search.proquest.com/docview/223931318?accountid=15 083%5Cn?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt :kev:mtx:journal&genre=article&sid=ProQ:ProQ:healthco mpleteshell&atitle=MECHANISMS+OF+DISEASE:+Inflamm ation,+Atherosclerosis,+and+Coronary+Artery+
John S, Schlaich M, Langenfeld M, et al. Increased bioavailability of nitric oxide after lipid-lowering therapy in hypercholesterolemic patients: A randomized, placebocontrolled, double-blind study. Circulation [Internet] 1998;98(3):211-6. Available from: http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&PAGE=reference&D=emed4&NEWS=N &AN=1998245129
Alexander RW. Hypertension and the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Hypertension 1995;25(2):155-61.
Chen Y, Rollins J, Paigen B, Wang X. Genetic and genomic insights into the molecular basis of atherosclerosis. Cell Metabolism 2007;6:164-79.
Yu E, Rimm E, Qi L, et al. Diet, lifestyle, biomarkers, genetic factors, and risk of cardiovascular disease in the nurses’ health studies. Am J Public Health 2016;106:1616-23.
Safar ME, Levy BI, Struijker-Boudier H. Current perspectives on arterial stiffness and pulse pressure in hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. Circulation 2003;107:2864-9.
Meaume S, Benetos A, Henry OF, Rudnichi A, Safar ME. Aortic pulse wave velocity predicts cardiovascular mortality in subjects > 70 years of age. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol [Internet] 2001;21(12):2046-50. Available from: http:// atvb.ahajournals.org/cgi/doi/10.1161/hq1201.100226
Boutouyrie P, Tropeano AI, Asmar R, et al. Aortic stiffness is an independent predictor of primary coronary events in hypertensive patients: a longitudinal study. Hypertension 2002;39(1):10-5.
Blacher J, Safar ME, Guerin AP, et al. Aortic pulse wave velocity index and mortality in end-stage renal disease. Kidney Int [Internet] 2003;63(5):1852-60. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Re trieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12675863
GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet [Internet] 2015;385(9963):117- 71. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140- 6736(14)61682-2
Zannad F, Jakobsen A, Heroys J, Ralph A, Rees T, Shaw M. Cardiovascular high-risk patients--treat to protect, but whom? Medscape J Med [Internet] 2008;10Suppl(Supp):S2. Available from: http://www.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18449378%5Cnhttp://www.pubmedcentral. nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC2344116
Ford ES, et al. Explaining the decrease in U.S. deaths from coronary disease, 1980-2000. N Engl J Med 2007 Jun 7;356(23):2388-98.
Keys A. Atherosclerosis: a problem in newer public Health. J Mt Sinai Hosp NY 1953;20:118-39.
Dawber TR, Meadors GF, Moore FE. Epidemiological approaches to heart disease: the Framingham Study. Am J Public Health 1951;41(3):279-81.
Splansky GL, Corey D, Yang Q, et al. The Third Generation Cohort of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s Framingham Heart Study: Design, recruitment, and initial examination. Am J Epidemiol 2007;165(11):1328-35.
Chapman JM, Goerke LS, Dixon W, et al. The clinical status of a population group in Los Angeles under observation for two to three years. Am J Public Health Nations Health 1957;47:33–42.
Doyle JT, Dawber TR, Kannel WB, Heslin AS, Kahn HA. Cigarette smoking and coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med [Internet] 1962;266(16):796-801. Available from: http:// www.nejm.org/doi/abs/10.1056/NEJM196204192661602
Kannel WB, McGee DL. Diabetes and glucose tolerance as risk factors for cardiovascular disease: The Framingham study. Diabetes Care 1979;2(2):120-6.
Anderson KM, Wilson PW, Odell PM, Kannel WB. An updated coronary risk profile. A statement for health professionals. Circulation [Internet] 1991;83(1):356-62. Available from: http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/doi/10.1161/01. CIR.83.1.356
D’Agostino RB, Vasan RS, Pencina MJ, et al. General cardiovascular risk profile for use in primary care: The Framingham heart study. Circulation 2008;117(6):743-53.
Preiss D, Kristensen SL. The new pooled cohort equations risk calculator. Can J Cardiol 2015;31:613-9.
Hoes AW, Agewall S, Albus C, et al. Guía ESC 2016 sobre prevención de la enfermedad cardiovascular en la práctica clínica. Rev Española Cardiol [Internet] 2016 Oct 1 [cited 2018 Mar 29];69(10):939.e1-939.e87. Available from: http:// linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0300893216304146
Hajifathalian K, Ueda P, Lu Y, et al. A novel risk score to predict cardiovascular disease risk in national populations (Globorisk): a pooled analysis of prospective cohorts and health examination surveys. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol [Internet] 2015;3(5):339-55. Available from: http://linkinghub. elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2213858715000819
Horváth IG, Németh Á, Lenkey Z, et al. Invasive validation of a new oscillometric device (Arteriograph) for measuring augmentation index, central blood pressure and aortic pulse wave velocity. J Hypertens 2010;28(10):2068-75.
Ring M, Eriksson MJ, Zierath JR, Caidahl K. Arterial stiffness estimation in healthy subjects: a validation of oscillometric (Arteriograph) and tonometric (SphygmoCor) techniques. Hypertens Res 2014;37(11):999-1007.
Shepherd J, Cobbe SM, Ford I, et al. Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group. N Engl J Med [Internet] 1995;333(20):1301-7. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ 7566020
Colhoun HM, Betteridge DJ, Durrington PN, et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with atorvastatin in type 2 diabetes in the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS): multicentre randomised placebocontrolled trial. Lancet (London, England) [Internet] 2004;364(9435):685-96. Available from: http://www.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15325833%5Cnhttp://linkinghub.elsevier. com/retrieve/pii/S0140673604168955%5Cnhttp:// ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&PAGE=reference&D=c ctr&NEWS=N&AN=CN-00481439
Mora S, Ridker PM. Justification for the Use of Statins in Primary Prevention: an Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin (JUPITER)--can C-reactive protein be used to target statin therapy in primary prevention? Am J Cardiol [Internet] 2006;97(2A):33A-41A. Available from: http:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16442935
Mihaylova B, Emberson J, Blackwell L, et al. The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with statin therapy in people at low risk of vascular disease: meta-analysis of individual data from 27 randomised trials. Lancet [Internet] 2012;380:581-90. Available from: http://www.pubmedcentral. nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3437972&tool=pmce ntrez&rendertype=abstract%0Ahttp://www.sciencedirect. com/science/article/pii/S0140673612603675
Taylor F, Huffman MD, Macedo AF, et al. Statins for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;1(1):CD004816.
Vervueren PL, Elbaz M, Dallongeville J, et al. Relationships between chronic use of statin therapy, presentation of acute coronary syndromes and one-year mortality after an incident acute coronary event. Int J Cardiol 2013;163:102-4.
Menotti A, Puddu PE, Lanti M. Comparison of the Framingham risk function-based coronary chart with risk function from an Italian population study. Eur Heart J 2000;21(5):365-70.
Marrugat J, D’Agostino R, Sullivan L, et al. An adaptation of the Framingham coronary heart disease risk function to European Mediterranean areas. J Epidemiol Community Health 2003;57(8):634-8.
Ridker PM, Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Rifai N. C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women. N Engl J Med [Internet] 2000;342(12):836-43. Available from: http://www.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10733371
Baigent C, Blackwell L, Emberson J, et al. Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta analysis of data from 170000 participants in 26 randomised trials. Lancet [Internet] 2010;376(9753):1670-81. Available from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fc gi?artid=2988224&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
Cook NR, Ridker P. Further insight into the cardiovascular risk calculator: The roles of statins, revascularizations, and under ascertainment in The women's health study. JAMA Intern Med 2014;174(12):1964-71.