Murillo G, Vargas MA, Castillo J, Serrano JJ, Ramirez GM, Viales JH, Benitez CG

Language: English
References: 34
Page: 91-102
PDF size: 168.05 Kb.

ABSTRACT

Plaque-induced gingivitis is the most common form of periodontal disease and can affect 100% of the population. Gingivitis prevalence in Latin American population is not well documented, therefore the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and severity of plaque-induced gingivitis in adult populations of three Latin American cities. Methods: This cross sectional multicenter study included 1650 participants, 550 from the Great Metropolitan Area of Costa Rica (GAM), 550 from Mexico City, Mexico (CDMX) and 550 from Bogota City, Colombia (BC). Subjects completed a questionnaire about their medical history and oral hygiene. Clinical assessment included recording of missing teeth, visible plaque index, calculus recording and gingival index (GI, Loe-Silness index). Results: Average GI was 1.36. No statistical difference was found between GAM (1.45) and BC (1.48); however, GI in CDMX was significantly lower (1.16). Average gingival bleeding on probing was 43%. Total plaque index was 0.76 showing the highest accumulation at interproximal sites (p=0.0001). A positive correlation was found between plaque and gingivitis (r=0.59). Dental calculus was present in at least one of the 18 evaluated sites per subject with no statistical difference between cities. There was no statistical difference in GI between smokers, former smokers and non- smokers. Conclusion: Gingivitis prevalence was 99.6%. Moderate Gingivitis was the predominant form, with no statistically significant difference between cities or gender. Dental plaque accumulation was the most important risk factor associated with the establishment of the disease.

REFERENCES

1. Parameter on plaque-induced gingivitis. American Academy of Periodontology. J. Periodontol. 2000 May; 71 (5 Suppl): 851-2.

2. Heitz-Mayfield L. J., Schätzle M., Löe H., Bürgin W., Anerud A., Boysen H., et al. Clinical course of chronic periodontitis II. Incidence, characteristics and time of occurrence of the initial periodontal lesion. J. Clin Periodontol 2003 Oct; 30 (10): 902-8.

3. Lindhe J., Parodi R., Liljenuero B., Fornell J. Clinical and structural alterations characterizing healing gingival. J Periodontal Res. 1978 Sep. 13 (5): 410-24.

4. Anerud A., Löe H., Boysen H., Smith M. The natural history of periodontal disease in man. Changes in gingival health and oral hygiene before 40 years of age. J. Periodontal Res. 1979 Nov; 14 (6): 526-40.

5. Hugoson, A., Sjodin B., Norderyd O. Trends over 30 years, 1973-2003, in the prevalence and severity of periodontal disease. J Clin Periodontol. 2008 May; 35 (5): 405-14.

6. Li Y., Lee S., Hujoel P., Su M., Zhang W., Kim J., et al. Prevalence and Severity of Gingivitis in American Adults. Am J Dent. 2010 Feb; 23 (1): 9-13.

7. Zhang J., Xuang D., Fan W., Zhang X., Dibart S., De Vizio W., et al. Severity and Prevalence of Plaque-Induced Gingivitis in the Chinese Population. Compend Contin Educ Dent 2010 Oct; 3 (8): 624-9.

8. Lang N. P., Schatzle M. A., Loe H. Gingivitis as a risk factor in periodontal disease. J Clin Periodontol 2009 Jul; 36 Suppl. 10:3-8.

9. Oppermann R. V., Haas A. N., Rosing C. K., Susin C. Epidemiology of periodontal diseases in adults from Latin America. Periodontol 2000. 2015 Feb; 67 (1): 13-33.

10. Carvajal P., Gómez M., Gomes S., Costa R., Toledo A., Solanes F., et al. Prevalence, severity, and risk indicators of gingival inflammation in a Multi-center study on South American Adults: a cross sectional study. J Appl Oral Sci. 2016 Sep-Oct; 24 (5): 524-34.

11. Löe H. The gingival index, the plaque index and the retention index. J.Periodontol 1967 Nov-Dec; 38 (6): Suppl 610-6.

12. Löe H., Theilade E. and Jensen S. B. Experimental gingivitis in man. J. Periodontol. 1965 May-Jun; 36: 177-87.

13. Bogren A., Teles R., Torresyap G., Haffajee A. D., Socransky S. S., Lindhe J., et al. A threeyear prospective study of adult subjects with gingivitis. I: clinical periodontal parameters. J Clin Periodontol 2007 Jan; 34 (1): 1-6.

14. Christersson L. A., Grossi S. G., Dunford R. G., Machtei E. E., Genco R. J. Dental Plaque and Calculus: Risk Indicators for Their Formation. J Dent Res. 1992 Jul; 71 (7): 1425-30.

15. Dietrich T., Kaye E. K., Nunn M. E., Van Dyke T., Garcia R. I. Gingivitis Susceptibility and its Relation to Periodontitis in Men. J Dent Res 2006 Dec; 85 (12): 1134-7.

16. Payne W. A., Page R. C., Ogilvie A. L., Hall W. Histopathologic features of the initial and early stages of experimental gingivitis in man. J Periodontal Res. 1975 May; 10 (2): 51-64.

17. Schätzle M., Löe H., Bürgin W., Anerud A., Boysen H., Lang N. P. Clinical course of chronic periodontitis I. Role of gingivitis. J Clin Periodontol 2003 Oct; 30 (10): 887-901.

18. Stamm J. W. Epidemiology of gingivitis. J Clin Periodontol. 1986 May; 13: 360-6.

19. Theilade E., Wright W. H., Jensen S. B., Loe H. Experimental Gingivitis in Man. II. A longitudinal Clinical and Bacteriological Investigation. J. Periodontal Res. 1966; 1: 1-13.

20. Winkel E. G., Abbas F., Van der Velden U., Vroom T. M., Scholte G. and Hart A. A.: Experimental gingivitis in relation to age in individuals not susceptible to periodontal destruction. J Clin Periodontol 1987 Oct; 14 (9): 499-507.

21. Nonnenmacher C., Helms K., Bacher M., Nüsing R. M., Susin C., Mutters R. L., et al. Effect of Age on Gingival Crevicular Fluid Concentrations of MIF and PGE2. J Dent Res. 2009 Jul; 88 (7): 639-43.

22. Söder P. O., Jin L. J., Söder B., Wikner S. Periodontal status in an urban adult population in Sweden. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1994 Apr; 22 (2): 106-11.

23. Ababneh K. T., Abu Hwaij Z. M., Khader Y. S. Prevalence and risk indicators of gingivitis and periodontitis in a Multi-Centre study in North Jordan: a cross sectional study. BMC Oral Health 2012 Jan 3, 12: 1.

24. Zimmermann H., Zimmermann N., Hagenfeld D., Veile A., Kim T. S., Becher H. Is frequency of toothbrushing a risk factor for periodontitis? A systematic review and metaanalysis. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2015 Apr; 43 (2): 116-27.

25. Do L. G., Slade G. D., Roberts-Thomson K. F., Sanders A. E. Smoking-attributable periodontal disease in the Australian adult population. J Clin Periodontol 2008 May; 35 (5): 398-404.

26. Lie Ma, van der Weijden GA Timmerman M. F., Loos B. G., van Steenhergen T. J. and van der Velden U. Oral microbiota in smokers and non-smokers in natural and experimentallyinduced gingivitis. J. Clin Periodontol 1998 Aug; 25 (8): 677-686.

27. Salvi G. E., Ramseier C. A., Kandylaki M., Sigrist L., Awedowa E., Lang N. P. Experimental gingivitis in cigarette smokers. A clinical and microbiological study. J Clin Periodontol 2005 May; 32 (5): 441-7.

28. Sreedevi M., Ramesh A., Dwarakanath C. Periodontal Status in Smokers and Nonsmokers: A Clinical, Microbiological, and Histopathological Study. Int J Dent 2012; 2012: 571590.

29. Amaresena N., Ekanayaka A. N., Heralth L., Miyazaki H. Tobacco use and oral hygiene as risk indicators for periodontitis. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2002 Apr; 30 (2): 115-23.

30. Dafi S., Taani Q. Association between cigarette smoking and periodontal health. Quientessence Int, 1997 Aug; 28 (8): 535-9.

31. de Souza J., Bianchini M. A., Ferreira C. F. Relationship Between Smoking and Bleeding on Probing. J. of Oral Implantol. 2012 Oct. 38 (5): 581-6.

32. Calsina G., Ramón J. M., Echeverría J. J.: Effects of smoking on periodontal tissues. J Clin Periodontol 2002; 29: 771-6.

33. Lang N. P., Adler R., Joss A and Nyman S. Absence of bleeding on probing - An indicator of periodontal stability. J Clin Periodontol 1990 Nov; 17 (10): 714-21.

34. Bergstrom J., Preber H. The influence of cigarette smoking on the development of experimental gingivitis. J Periodontal Res. 1986 Nov: 21 (6): 668-76.