medigraphic.com
ISSN 0301-696X (Print)
Órgano de difusión del Servicio de Sanidad Militar y del Colegio Nacional de Médicos Militares

2017, Number 5

<< Back Next >>

Rev Sanid Milit Mex 2017; 71 (5)

The human intestinal microbiota and microbiome. (Between the keys of the kingdom and a new Pandora’s Box)

Michel ARJ, Izeta GAC, Torres AG, Michel IACM

Language: Spanish
References: 52
Page: 443-448
PDF size: 225.20 Kb.


ABSTRACT

The intestinal microbiota, composed of about 100,000 billion microorganisms comprises three enterotypes: Bacteroids, Prevotella and Firmicutes. Acquired at birth and changes with age, diet, location, use of antibiotics, sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and rDNA, define the composition and functions of the microbiome (genome of all bacteria). Barrier, metabolic, absorption, immunological and vitamin synthesis functions have been described; some diseases resulting from an imbalance of intestinal microbiota or disbiosis, which have been associated with chronic gastrointestinal diseases, such as Irritable Bowel Syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease. Metabolic diseases such as type 1 and 2 diabetes and obesity, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular and neurological conditions and some types of cancer, with variable results; intestinal microbiota have been manipulated to restore balance with dietary modifications, antibiotics, prebiotics and microbiota transplantation. The pharmaceutical industry, with «ecobiotic» drugs, must resist the temptation to consider them a panacea, hoping not to open a new «Pandora’s box» because of the amount of genetic material transplanted. Day by day research is progressing, with unique strains, bacterial consortiums and metabolites «molecules» product of the microbiota.


REFERENCES

  1. Woese C. The universal ancestor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1998; 95 (12): 6854-6859.

  2. Cavalier ST. The origin of eukaryote and archaebacterial cells. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1987; 503: 17-54.

  3. Summers RW, Elliott DE, Urban JF Jr, Thompson R, Weinstock JV. Trichuris suis therapy in Crohn’s disease. Gut. 2005; 54 (1): 87-90. doi:10.1136/gut.2004.041749

  4. Guthrie R. Blood screening for phenylketonuria. JAMA. 1961; 178 (8): 863.

  5. Watve MG, Tickoo R, Jog MM, Bhole BD. How many antibiotics are produced by the genus Streptomyces. Arch Microbiol. 2001; 176 (5): 386-390.

  6. Dave M, Higgins PD, Middha S, Rioux KP. The human gut microbiome: current knowledge, challenges, and future directions. Transl Res. 2012; 160 (4): 246-257.

  7. O’Hara AM, Shanahan F. The gut flora as a forgotten organ. EMBO Rep. 2006; 7 (7): 688-693.

  8. Jiménez E, Marín ML, Martín R, Odriozola JM, Olivares M, Xaus J et al. Is meconium from healthy newborns actually sterile? Res Microbiol. 2008; 159 (3): 187-193.

  9. Martín R, Jiménez E, Heilig H, Fernández L, Marín ML, Zoetendal EG et al. Isolation of bifidobacteria from breast milk and assessment of the bifidobacterial population by pcr-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and quantitative real-time PCR. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2009; 75 (4): 965-969.

  10. Lozupone CA, Stombaugh JI, Gordon JI, Jansson JK, Knight R. Diversity, stability and resilience of the human gut microbiota. Nature. 2012; 489 (7415): 220-230.

  11. Wu GD, Chen J, Hoffmann C, Bittinger K, Chen YY, Keilbaugh SA et al. Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes. Science. 2011; 334 (6052): 105-108.

  12. Eder W, Klimecki W, Yu L, von Mutius E, Riedler J, Braun-Fahrländer C et al. Opposite effects of CD 14/-260 on serum IgE levels in children raisedin different environments. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005; 116 (3): 601-607.

  13. Arumugam M, Raes J, Pelletier E, Le Paslier D, Yamada T, Mende DR et al. Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome. Nature. 2011; 473 (7346): 174-180.

  14. Scarpellini E, Ianiro G, Attili F, Bassanelli C, De Santis A, Gasbarrini A. The human gut microbiota and virome: Potential therapeutic implications. Dig Liver Dis. 2015; 47 (12): 1007-1012.

  15. Ley RE, Turnbaugh PJ, Klein S, Gordon JI. Microbial ecology human gut microbes associated with obesity. Nature. 2006; 444 (7122): 1022-1023.

  16. Hooper LV, Midtvedt T, Gordon JI. How hostmicrobial interactions shape the nutrient environment of the mammalian intestine. Annu Rev Nutr. 2002; 22: 283-307.

  17. Hold GL, Schwiertz A, Aminov RI, Blaut M, Flint HJ. Oligonucleotide probes that detect quantitatively significant groups of butyrateproducingbacteria in human feces. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003; 69: 4320-4324.

  18. Abedi D, Feizizadeh S, Akbari V, Jafarian-Dehkordi A. In vitro anti-bacterial and antiadherence effects of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp bulgaricus on Escherichia coli. Res Pharm Sci. 2013; 8 (4): 260-268.

  19. Robles Alonso V, Guarner F. Linking the gut microbiota to human health. Br J Nutr. 2013; 109 (Suppl 2): S21-26.

  20. Reimann F, Tolhurst G, Gribble FM. G-protein-coupled receptors in intestinal chemosensation. Cell Metab. 2012; 15 (4): 421-431.

  21. Covington DK, Briscoe CA, Brown AJ, Jayawickreme CK. The G-protein-coupledreceptor 40 family (GPR40-GPR43) and its role in nutrient sensing. Biochem Soc Trans. 2006; 34 (Pt 5): 770-773.

  22. Pereira DI, McCartney AL, Gibson GR. An «in vitro» study of the probiotic potencial of a bile-salt-hydrolyzing Lactobacillus fermentum strain, and determination of its cholesterollowering properties. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003; 69: 4.743-4.752.

  23. Metges CC. Contribution of microbial amino acids to amino acid homeostasis of the host. Am Soc Nutr Sci. 2000; 130: 1.857S-1.864S.

  24. Kennefick S, Cashman KD. Inhibitory effect of wheat fibre extract on calcium absorption in Caco-2 cells: evidence for associated phytate rather than fibre per se. Eur J Nutr. 2000; 39: 12-17.

  25. Brandtzaeg P, Halstensen TS, Kett K, Krajci P, Kvale D, Rognum TO et al. Immunobiology and immuno-pathology of human gut mucosa: humoral immunity and intraepithelial lymphocytes. Gastroenterology. 1989; 97 (6): 1562-1584.

  26. Butler JE, Sun J, Weber P, Navarro P, Francis D. Antibody repertoire development in fetal and newborn piglets, III. Colonization of the gastrointestinal tract selectively diversifies the preimmune repertoirein mucosal lymphoid tissues. Immunology. 2000; 100 (1): 119-130.

  27. Lee YK, Mazmanian SK. Has the microbiota played a critical role in the evolution of the adaptive immune system. Science. 2010; 330 (6012): 1768-1773.

  28. Guojun Wu, Chenhong Zhang, Huan Wu, Ruirui Wang, Jian Shen, Linghua Wang et al. Genomic microdiversity of Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum underlying differential strain-level responses to dietary carbohydrate intervention. MBIO. 2017; 8: 1-14.

  29. Rhee SH, Pothoulakis C, Mayer EA. The effects of gut microbiota on CNS function in humans. Principles and clinical implications of the brain-gut-enteric microbiota axis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009; 6: 306-314.

  30. Mayer EA, Tillisch K, Gupta A. Gut/brain axis and the microbiota. J Clin Invest. 2015; 125 (3): 926-938.

  31. Keunen K, van Elburg RM, van Bel F, Benders MJ. Impact of nutrition on brain development and its neuroprotective implications following preterm birth. Pediatr Res. 2015; 77 (1): 148-155.

  32. Clemente JC, Ursell LK, Wegener Parfrey L, Knight R. The impact of the gut microbiota on human health: an integrative view. Cell. 2012; 148: 1258-1270.

  33. Lloyd PJ, Abu-Ali G, Huttenhower C. The healthy human microbiome. Genome Medicine. 2016; 8: 51-63.

  34. Petersen C, Round JL. Defining dysbiosis and its influence on host immunity and disease. Cell Microbiol. 2014; 16 (7): 1024-1033.

  35. Larsen PE, Dai Y. Metabolome of human gut microbiome is predictive of host dysbiosis. GigaScience. 2015; 4: 42.

  36. Casén C, Vebø HC, Sekelja M, Hegge FT, Karlsson MK, Ciemniejewska E et al. Deviations in human gut microbiota: a novel diagnostic test for determining dysbiosis in patients with IBS or IBD. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2015; 42 (1): 71-83.

  37. Festi D, Schiumerini R, Eusebi LH, Marasco G, Taddia M, Colecchia A. Gut microbiota and metabolic syndrome. World J Gastroenterol. 2014; 20 (43): 16079-16094.

  38. Bull MJ, Plummer NT. Part 1. The human gut microbiome in health and disease. Integr Med (Encinitas). 2014; 13 (6): 17-22.

  39. Chistiakov D, Bobryshev Y, Kozarov E, Sobenin E, Orekhov A. Role of gut microbiota in the modulation of atherosclerosis-associated immune response. Front Microbiol. 2015; 6: 671.

  40. Gagnière J, Raisch J, Veziant J, Barnich N, Bonnet R, Buc E et al. Gut microbiota imbalance and colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol. 2016; 22 (2): 501-518.

  41. Hill C, Guarner F, Reid G et al. Expert consensus document. The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the term probiotic. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014; 11 (8): 506-514.

  42. Bull MJ, Plummer NT. Part 2: Treatments for chronic gastrointestinal disease and gut dysbiosis. Integr Med (Encinitas). 2015; 14 (1): 25-33.

  43. Shanahan F, Eamonn M. Quigley M. Manipulation of the microbiota for treatment of IBS and IBD-Challenges and controversies. Gastroenterology. 2014; 146: 1554-1563.

  44. Manzano C, Estupiñán GD, Poveda E. Clinical efects of probiotics: what does the evidence says. Rev Chil Nutr. 2012; 39 (1): 98-110.

  45. Crowe KM, Francis C; Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Functional Foods. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2013; 113 (8): 1096-1103.

  46. Hayek N. Chocolate, gut microbiota, and human health. Front Pharmacol. 2013; 4: 11.

  47. Hvistendahl M. My microbiome and me. Science. 2012; 336 (6086): 1248-1250.

  48. Michel-Aceves RJ, Izeta-Gutiérrez AC, Franco LM, Marín-Beltrán S, Vázquez-Galeana JA, Cerda-Reyes S y cols. El chocolate obscuro y los polifenoles nuestros de cada día. Rev Sanid Milit Mex. 2016; 70 (1): 17-22.

  49. Borody TJ, Warren EF, Leis SM, Surace R, Ashman O, Siarakas S. Bacteriotherapy using fecal flora: toying with human motions. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2004; 38 (6): 475-483.

  50. Rossen NG, MacDonald JK, de Vries EM, D’Haens GR, de Vos WM, Zoetendal EG et al. Fecal microbiota transplantation as novel therapy in gastroenterology: a systematic review. World J Gastroenterol. 2015; 21 (17): 5359-5371.

  51. Seres Therapeutics Announces Interim Results from SER-109 Phase 2 ECOSPOR Study in Multiply Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection Primary efficacy endpoint was not achieved - Conference call -July 29, 2016. Available in: http://www.businesswire.com

  52. Mohamed SD, Michael AF. Small molecules from the human microbiota. Science. 2015; 349 (6246): 1254766.




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com