medigraphic.com
A partir del año 2010, la Revista Oficial del INER cambió a NCT (Neumología y Cirugía de Tórax)

 Ver actualización

2002, Number 4

<< Back

Rev Inst Nal Enf Resp Mex 2002; 15 (4)

Pathogeny of viral respiratory infections.

Rosete ODP, Archundia SFJ, Cabello GC, Manjarrez ZME

Language: Spanish
References: 54
Page: 239-254
PDF size: 412.28 Kb.


ABSTRACT

Acute respiratory infections are among the most frequent human pathologies and 70% of these infections are generated by viruses. Most of them cause acute respiratory infection (ARI) that are local (influenza, syncytial respiratory, parainfluenza, rhinovirus), but some are able to cause systemic infections (measles, rubella, herpes). As with other microorganisms, the virulence of a virus is under polygenic control, but it is also associated with several physiologic and genetic characteristics of the host, which support viral replication and cell damage. These, in turn, are also closely related with the sensitivity of the receptor cell, a factor that is critical to determine virus tropism and its early interactions such as viral adherence or the release of its nuclear acid inside the cell. The most important viral antigens capable of inducing the immune response are capsid proteins for nude viruses and glycoprotein spikes for enveloped viruses. Systemic viral infections generate a complete immune response, however, most respiratory tract viruses cause local infections, and for this reason the immune response is short and incomplete. Several viruses cause ARI of the upper airways but they can reach the lower airways where, besides causing necrosis, they cause cell death and generate other inflammatory pathogenic events. Some of the mechanisms by which viruses introduce sibilance and hyper-reactivity have been proposed, and specific IgE production, decrease in b-adrenergic activity, cholinergic stimulation, among others have been implicated. Thus, the clinical manifestations generated by viruses are the result of a complex array of events, many of them still unknown.


REFERENCES

  1. Secretaría de Salud. Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática [INEGI], Dirección General de Estadística e Informática. Estadísticas de Morbilidad y de Mortalidad para las Enfermedades. México, DGE-SSA, 2000.

  2. Mlynarczyk G, Mlynarczy A, Jeljaszewicz J. Epidemiological aspects of antibiotic resistence in respiratory pathogens. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2001;18:497-502.

  3. Jain N, Lodha T, Kabra SK. Upper respiratory tract infections. Indian J Pediatr 2001;68:1135-1138.

  4. Secretaría de Salud. Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática [INEGI], Dirección General de Estadística e Informática. Estadísticas de morbilidad y de mortalidad para las enfermedades. México, DGE-SSA, 2001.

  5. Davies DH, Halablab MA, Clarke J, Cox FEG, Young TWK. Infection and immunity. London: Taylor and Francis, 1999: 67-120.5.

  6. Wright PF. Parainfluenza viruses. In: Dolin R, Wright PF, editors. Lung biology in health and disease 127. New York: Marcel Dekke, 1999: 205-216.

  7. Monto AS, Saw MW. Parainfluenza viruses. In: Lennette EH, editor. Laboratory diagnosis of viral infections. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1992: 573-590.

  8. Denny JR. Clinical impact of human respiratory virus infections. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;152:4S-12S.

  9. Denny FW. Acute lower respiratory infections in children. In: Dolin R, Wright PF, editors. Lung biology in health and disease 127. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1999: 5-21.

  10. Tripp R, Moore D, Winter J, Anderson L. Respiratory syncytial virus infection and G and/or SH protein expression contribute to substance P, which mediates inflammation and enhanced pulmonary disease in BALB/c mice. J Virol 2000;74: 1614-1622.

  11. Walsh EE, Graham BS. Respiratory syncytial viruses. In: Dolin R, Wright PF, editors. Viral infections of the respiratory tract. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1999: 161-221.

  12. Flint SJ, Enquist LW, Krug RM, Roconiello VR, Skalka AM. Principles of virology molecular biology pathogenesis and control. Washington: ASM Press, 2000:804.

  13. Greenberg SB. Viral pneumonia in adults. In: Dolin R, Wright PF, editors. Lung biology in health and disease 127. Marcel Dekker: New York, 1999:25-38.

  14. Lee SG, Gruber WC. Adenoviruses. In: Dolin R, Wright PF, editors. Viral infections of the respiratory tract. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1999: 223-244.

  15. Falsey AR. Viral pulmonary infections in older persons. In: Dolin R, Wright PF, editors. Viral infections of the respiratory tract. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1999: 53-73.

  16. Harmon MW. Influenza viruses. In: Lennette EH, editor. Laboratory diagnosis of viral infections. New York: Dekker Marcel, 1992: 515-534.

  17. Treanor JJ. Influenza A and B viruses. In: Dolin R, Wright PF, editors. Viral infections of the respiratory tract. Marcel Dekker:New York, 1999:105-138.

  18. Brutkiewcz RR, Welsh RM. Major histocompatibility complex class I antigens and the control of viral infections by natural killer cells. J Virol 1995; 69: 3967-3971.

  19. Krajesi P, Wold WSM. Viral proteins that regulate cellular signaling. J Gen Virol 1998;79:1323-1335.

  20. Graham BS. Immunological determinants of disease caused by respiratory syncytial virus. Trends Microbiol 1996;4: 290-294.

  21. Price GE, Smith H, Sweet C. Differential induction of cytotoxicity and apoptosis by influenza virus strains of differing virulence. J Gen Virol 1997;78:2821-2829.

  22. Lane TE, Buchmeier MJ. Murine coronavirus infection: a paradigm for virus-induced demyelinating disease. Trends Microbiol 1997;5:9-13.

  23. Ramshaw A, Ramsay AS, Karupiah G, Rolph M, Mahalingan S, Ruby JC. Cytokines and immunity to viral infections. Immunol Rev 1997;159:119-135.

  24. Bjornsdottir US, Busse WW. Respiratory infections and asthma. Med Clin North Am 1992;76:895-915.

  25. Busse WW. Respiratory infections: Their role in airways responsiveness and the pathogenesis of asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1990; 8: 671-683.

  26. Cypcar D, Stark J, Lemanske RF. The impact of respiratory infections on asthma. Pediatr Clin Noth Am 1992;39:

  27. 1259-1273.

  28. Welliver RC, Wong DT, Sun M, Middleton E, Vaughan RS, Ogra PL. The development of respiratory syncytial virus-specific IgE and the realease of histamine in nasopharyngeal secretions after infection. N Engl J Med 1981;305: 841-846.

  29. Gern JE, Busse WW. Association of rhinovirus infections with asthma. Clin Microbiol Rev 1999;12:133-143.

  30. Frick WE, Busse WW. Respiratory infections: Their role in airway responsiveness and pathogenesis of asthma. Clin Chest Med 1988;9:539-549.

  31. Welliver RC, Kaul TN, Ogra PL. The appearance of cell-bound IgE in respiratory-tract epithelium after respiratory-syncytial-virus infection. N Engl J Med 1980;303:1198-1202.

  32. Szentivanyi A. The b-adrenergic theory of atopic abnormality is asthma. J Allergy 1968;42:203.

  33. Landsberg L, Young JB. Fisiología y farmacología del sistema nervioso autónomo. En: Fauci AS y cols. Editores. Harrison. Principios de medicina interna. 14° ed. México: McGraww-Hill-Interaamericana de España, 1998: 488-501.

  34. Barnes PJ. Beta–adrenegic receptors and their regulation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;152:838-860.

  35. Corne JM, Holgate ST. Mechanisms of virus induced exacerbations of asthma. Thorax 19976;52:380-389.

  36. Sterk PJ. Virus-induced airway hiperresponsiveness in man. Eur Respir J 1993;6:894-902.

  37. Balfour-Lynn IM. ¿Por qué los virus provocan sibilancias en los niños? Br Med J 1996; 4:11-19.

  38. Koller DY, Wojnarowski C, Herkner KR, Weinländer G, Raderer M, Eichler I, et al. High levels of eosinophil cation protein in wheezing infants predict the development of asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997; 99:752-756.

  39. Cillins PL, Chanock RM, Murphy BR. Respiratory syncytial virus. In: Fields BN, et al, editors. Virology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, New York: Lippincott- Raven Press, 2001:1443-1485.

  40. Smith TF, McIntoshk, Fishaut M, Henson PM. Activation of complement by cells infected with respiratory syncytial virus. Infect Immun 1981;33:43-48.

  41. Hogg JC. Persistent and latent viral infections in the pathology of asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992;145:57-59.

  42. Shoshkes RC, Komatsu T. Does nitric oxide play a critical role in viral infections? J Virol 1998;72:4547-4551.

  43. Subauste MC, Jacoby DB, Richards SM, Proud D. Infection of human respiratory epithelial cell line with rhinovirus: induction of cytokine release and modulation of susceptibility to infection by cytokine exposure. J Clin Invest 1995;96:454.

  44. Saito T, Deskin RW, Casola A, Häeberle H, Olszewska B, Ernst PB, et al. Respiratory syncytial virus induces selective production of the chemokine RANTES by upper airway epithelial cells. J Infect Dis 1997;175:497-504.

  45. Teran LM. CCL chemokines and asthma. Immunol Today 2000;21:235-241.

  46. Baggiolini M, Dewald B, Moser B. Interleukin-8 and related chemotactic cytokines-CXC and CC chemokines. Adv Immunol 1994;55:97-179.

  47. Kelner GS, Kennedy J, Bacon KB, Kleyensteuber S, Largaespada DA, Jenkins NA, et al. Lynphotactin: a cytokine that represents a new class of chemokine. Science 1994;266:1395-1399.

  48. Clark LI, Schumacher C, Baggiolini M, Moser B. Strucrture-activity relationships of interleukin-8 determined using chemically synthesized anologs: Critical rol of NH2-terminal residues and evidence for uncoupling of neutrophil chemotaxis, exocytosis and receptor binding activities. J Biol Chem 1991; 266:23183-23184.

  49. Luster AD, Rothenberg M. Role of monocyte chemoatracted protein and eotaxin subfamuly of chemokines in allergic inflammation. J Leukoc Biol 1997;62:620-633.

  50. Myyou S, Fujimura M, Kamio Y, Kurashima K, Tachibana H, Hirose T, et al. Effect of losartan a type 1 angiotensin II receptor antagonist, on bronquial hyperresponsiveness to methacholine in patients with bronquial asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;162:40-44.

  51. Bals R, Wang X, Wu Z, Freeman T, Bafna V, Zasloff M, et al. Human B defensin-2 is a salt-sensitive peptide antibiotic expressed in human lung. J Clin Invest 1998;102:874-880.

  52. Ganz T, Lehrer RI. Defensins. Immunology 1994;6:584-589.

  53. Hussain IR, Smith PK, Johnson SL. Down regulation of human beta-defensins in respiratory syncytial virus infection. Am J Respir Crit Car Med 1998;157:A287.

  54. Fehlbaum P, Rao M, Zasloff M, Anderson GM. An essential aminoacid induces epithelial B-defensin expression. Immunology 2000;97:12723-12728.




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com