Rojas DS, Domínguez HVM

Language: Spanish
References: 75
Page: 225-231
PDF size: 57.26 Kb.

ABSTRACT

One of the biggest problems in orthopedics is the reconstruction of bony defects after infections, trauma or block resection of bone tumors, since bone allografts availability is limited. For that reason, alternatives to obtain a viable bone graft are studied: 1) cultured in vitro bone cells (osteoblasts) as their osteoinduction and biocompatibility characteristics, make them an attractive option, 2) human recombinant bone morphoprotein-2 (rhMBP-2), that is useful for reconstruction big segments, 3) growth factors (IGF I y II, TGF-b, FGFa,b, PDGF and BMP) have a potential to increase bone mass, however their role in bone remodeling and their capacity to increase bone mineral density are still unknown. Additionally, they can form neoplasms, if they are not managed appropriately, 4) the frozen and demineralized bone reduces the immune response and favor osteoinduction, 5) autologous cancellous bone, is considered the ideal graft, since it provides osteoprogenitor cells (osteoblasts) with appropriate biomechanical strength. However, their availability is limited and, 6) cytokines produced by osteoblasts (IL-1, IL-6) that participate in the bony formation and resorption; as well as cytokines produced by osteoclasts (TNF-a, IL-1b, INF-g and annexin II) that maintain hematopoiesis and normal immune function. Biomechanical properties of bone grafts are analyzed, as well as the experimental animal models that are used to evaluate them.

REFERENCES

1. Alsina M, Roodman DG. Nonskeletal effects of cytokines secreted by bone cells. In: Skeletal Growth Factors Ed. Ernesto Canalis, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, USA. 2000: 375-383.

2. An Y, Friedman RJ, Parent T, Draughn RA. Production of a standard closed fracture in the rat tibia. J Orthop Trauma 1994; 8(2): 111-115.

3. Aronow MA, Gerstenfeld LC, Owen MS, Tassinari TA, Stein GS, Lian JB. Factors that promote progressive development of the osteoblast phenotype in cultured fetal rat calvaria cells. J Cell Physiol 1990; 143(2): 213-221.

4. Barone LM, Owen MS, Tassinari TA, Botell R, Stein GS, Lian JB. Developmental expression and hormonal regulation of the rat matrix Gla protein (MGP) gene in chondrogenesis and osteogenesis. J Cell Biochem 1991; 46: 351-365.

5. Bellows CG, Ishida H, Aubin JE, Heersche JNM. Parathyroid hormone reversibly supresses the differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells into functional osteoblast. Endocrinology 1990; 127(6): 3111-3116.

6. Bhargava U, Bar-lev M, Bellows CG, Aubin JE. Ultrastructural analysis of bone nodules formed in vitro by isolated fetal rat calvaria cells. Bone 1988; 9: 155-163.

7. Binderman I, Verger E, Fine N, Shimson Z, Harell A, Somjen D. Calvaria derived osteogenic cells, phenotipic expression in culture. Connet Tissue Res 1989; 20(14): 41-47.

8. Bonnarens F, Einhorn TA. Production of a standard closed fracture in laboratory animal bone. J Orthop Res 1984; 2: 97-101.

9. Boskey LA. Mineral-Matrix interaction in bone and cartilage. Clin Orthop 1992; 281: 244-273.

10. Canalis E, Lian JB. Effects of bone associated growth factors on DNA, collagen and osteocalcin synthesis in cultured fetal rat calvarie. Bone 1988, 9(4): 243-6.

11. Canalis E, McCarthy T, Centella M. Growth factors and regulation of bone remodelating. J Clin Invest 1988; 81: 227.

12. Canalis E. Effect of growth factors on bone cell replication and differentiation. Clin Orthop 1985; 193: 246-263.

13. Canalis E. The hormonal and local regulation of bone formation. Endocr Rev 1983; 4: 62-67.

14. Cassano SM. Allograft transplantation: distal femoral allograft a case study. Orthop Nurs 1983; 2(2): 53-59.

15. Chavassieux PM. Influence of experimental conditions on osteoblast activity in human primary bone cell cultures. J Bone Miner Res 1990; 5(4): 337-43.

16. Davy DT. Biomechanical issues in bone transplantation. Orthop Clin North Am 1999; 30(4): 553-563.

17. Delmas PD, Wilson DM, Mann KG, Riggs BL. Effect of renal function on plasma levels of bone Gla-protein. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1983; 57: 1028-1030.

18. Dobning H, Turner RT. Evidence that intermittent treatment with parathyroid hormone increases bone formation in adult rats by activation of bone lining cells. Endocrinology 1995; 136: 3632-3638.

19. Ecarot-Charrier B, Glorieux FH, Van der Rest M, Pereira G. Osteoblast isolated from mouse calvaria initiate matrix mineralization in culture. J Cell Biol 1983; 96: 639-643.

20. Ecarot-Charrier B, Shepard N, Charette G, Grynpas M, Glorieux FH. Mineralization in osteoblast culture. A light and electron microscopic study. Bone 1988; 9: 147-154.

21. Fell HB. The osteogenic capacity in vitro of periosteum and endosteum isolated from the living skeleton of fowl embryons and young chiks. J Anat 1950; 66: 157-180.

22. Gaillard PJ. Developmental changes in the composition of body fluids in relation to growth and differentiation of tissue cultures. Protoplasma 1934; 23: 145-147.

23. Gestenferd LC, Chipman SD, Glawacki J, Lian JB. Expression of differentiation function biominerazing cultures of chicken osteoblast. Dev Biol 1987; 122(1): 49-60.

24. Globus RK, Plovet J, Gospadorewicz D. Cultured bovine bone cells syntetize basic fibroblast growth factor and store it in their extracellular matrix. Endocrinology 1989; 124(3): 1539-1547.

25. Globus RK, Plovet J, Gospodarowics D. Cultured bovine cells syntetize basic fibroblast growth factor and store it in their extracellular matrix. Endocrinology 1989; 124(3): 1539-1547.

26. Goldhaber P. Remodeling of bone in tissue culture. J Dent Res 1966; 45: 490-99.

27. Goldstein DA, Oda Y, Kurokona KY, Massry SG. Blood levels of 25-hidroxyvitamin D in nefrotic syndrome. Studies in 26 patients. Ann Intern Med 1977; 87: 664-667.

28. Harada K, Oida S, Sasaki S. Chondrogenesis and osteogenesis of bone marrow-derived cells by bone inductive factor. Bone 1988; 9: 177-183.

29. Hollick MF. Metabolism of vitamin D. Endocrinology Ed. Leslie and Groot 2da. 1984; 56: 902-26.

30. Holliger O, Jeffrey O, Battistone GC. Biodegradable bone repair materials. Clin Orthop 1986; 207: 290-305.

31. Kanatani M, Sugimoto T, Fukase M, Fujita T. Effect of elevated extracellular calcium on the proliferation of osteoblastic MC3T3-E cells, its direct and indirect effects via monocytes. Biol Chem Biophys Res Commun 1991; 181: 1425-30.

32. Kasperk C, Wergedal JE, Mohan S, Long DL, Lau KHW, Baylink DJ. Interaction of growth factors present in bone matrix and bene cells. Effects on DNA synthesis and alkaline phosphatase. Growth Factors 1990; 3(2): 147-158.

33. Kasperk CH, Wergedal JE, Farley JR, Linkarth TA, Turner RT, Baylink DJ. Androgens directly stimulate proliferation of bone cells in vitro. Endocrinology 1989; 124(3): 1576-8.

34. Kasperk CH, Wergedal JE, Farley JR, Linkhart TA, Turner RT, Baylink DJ. Androgens directly stimulate proliferation of bone cells in vitro. Endrocrinology 1989; 124: 1576-1578.

35. Kassem M, Risteli L, Mosekilde L, Melsen F, Erikssen EF. Formation of osteoblast-like cells from human mononuclear bone marrow. APMIS 1991; 99(3): 269-74.

36. Kop JB, Robey PG. Sodium, flouride lacks mitogenic activity for fetal human bone cells in vitro. J Bone Miner Res 1990; 1: 137-41.

37. Linkhart TA, Jennings JC, Baylink DJ. Bovine skeletal growth factors in distinct from other polypeptide growth factors. Calcif Tiss Int 1983; 35: 9A.

38. Linkhart TA, Jennings JC, Mohan S, Wakley GK, Baylink DJ. Characterization of mitogenic activities extracted from bovine bone matrix. Bone 1986; 7: 479-487.

39. Linkhart TA, Jennings JC, Mohan S, Wakley GK, Baylink DJ. Characterization of mitogenic activities extracted from bovine bone matrix. Bone 1986; 7: 479-487.

40. Lowry DH, Roberts NR, Wu M, Hixen WS, Crowford D. The quantitative histochemistry of brain. II Enzyme measurements. J Biol Chem 1954; 207: 13-19.

41. Luyten EP, Cunningham NS, Vukicervic S, Paralkar V, Ripamonti U, Reddi AH. Advances in osteogenic and related bone morphogenetic proteins in bone induction and repair. Acta Orthop Belg 1992; 58(1): 263-267.

42. Machwate M, Rodan SB, Rodan GA. Sphingosine kinase mediates cyclic AMP supression of apoptosis in rat periosteal cells. Mol Pharmacol 1998; 54: 70-77.

43. Martin TJ, Ng KW, Suda T. Bone cell physiology. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1989; 18(4): 833-858.

44. McCulloch CAG, Tenenbaum HC, Fair CA, Birek C. Site-Specific regulation of osteogenesis. Maintenance of discrete levels of phenotypic expression in vitro. Anat Rec 1989; 223(1): 27-34.

45. Mills BG, Frausto A. Cytokines expressed in multinucleated cells: Paget’s disease and giant cells tumors versus normal bone. Calcif Tissue Int 1997; 61: 16-21.

46. Mohan S, Linkhart TA, Farley J, Baylink DJ. Bone-derived growth factors active on bone cells. Calcif Tissue Int 1984; 36: S139-S145.

47. Muthukumaran N, Reddi AH. Bone matrix-induced local bone induction. Clin Orthop 1985; 200: 159-164.

48. Nefussi JR, Septier D, Collin P, Goldemberg M, Forest N. A comparative ultrahistochemical study glicosaminoglicans with cuprolinic blue in bone formed in vivo and in vitro. Calcif Tissue Int 1989; 44(1): 11-19.

49. Nefussi JR. Histomorphometry and autoradiography of cultured fetal rat long bones. Anat Rec 1970; 204(2): 105-12.

50. Nijweide PJ. Embryonic chicken periosteum in tissue culture. Osteoid formation and calcium uptake. Proc K Ned Akad wet Sev C 1975; 78: 410-417.

51. Noda M, Vogel R. Fibroblast growth factor enhances type beta 1 transforming growth factor gene expression in osteoblast-like cells. J Cell Biol 1989; 109: 2535.

52. Nolan PC, Mollan R, Wilson DJ. Living bone grafts. Cell culture may overcome the limitation of allograft. BMJ 1992; 304(6841): 1520-1521.

53. Nunamaker DM. Experimental models of fracture repair. Clin Orthop 1998; 355S: S56-S65.

54. Okubo Y, Bessho K, Fujimura K, Kusumoto K, Ogawa Y, Iizuka T. Osteogenesis by recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 at skeletal site. Clin Orthop 2000; 375: 295-301.

55. Oshiro T. Ultrastructural studies of initial calcification of mouse fetal parietal bone in vitro. Kanagawa-Shigaku 1989; 23(4): 469-85.

56. Pacifici R. Role of cytokines in postmenopausal osteoporosis. In: Skeletal Growth Factors Ed. Ernesto Canalis, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, USA. 2000; 411-421.

57. Piche JE, Graves DT. Study of factor requirements of human bone-derived cells. A comparation with human fibroblast. Bone 1989; 10(2): 131-138.

58. Price PA. The effect of 1,25 dihidroxyvitamin D3 on the syntesis of the vitamin D dependent protein of bone. In: Cedj KR, Vitamin D, basic and clinical aspects. Editorial The Hague Nijhoff 1984: 397-410.

59. Puech B, Carmeli M, Chancrin JL. Biointegration of massive bone allografts: imaging and histological studies in cat. Biomaterials 1990; 11: 75-78.

60. Raisz LG, Dietrich JW, Canalis EM. Factors influencing bone formation in organ culture. Isr J Med Sci 1976; 12(2): 108-114.

61. Reynolds JJ, Hollick MF, De Luca HF. The role of vitamin D metabolites in bone resorption. Calcif Tiss Res 1973; 12: 295-301.

62. Sartoris DJ, Kusnick C, Resnick D. New concepts in bone grafting. Orthop Rev 1987; 16(3): 154-164.

63. Sato T, Urist MR. Bone morphogenetic protein-induced cartilage development in tissue culture. Clin Orthop 1984; 183: 180-187.

64. Sciadini MF, Johnson KD. Evaluation of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 as a bone-graft substitute in a canine segmental defect model. J Orthop Res 2000;18: 289-312.

65. Sporn MB, Roberts AB, Shull JE, Smith JM, Ward LM, Sodek V. Polipeptide transforming growth factors, isolated from bovine sources and used for wound healing in vivo. Science 1983; 219: 1329-1331.

66. Stein GS, Lian JB, Gerstenfeld LG, Shalhoub V, Owen TM. The onset and progression of osteoblast differentiation is functionally related to cellular proliferation. Connet Tissue Res 1989; 20(1-4): 3-13.

67. Stein GS, Lian JB, Owen MS. Relationship of cell growth to the regulation of tissue-specific gene expression during osteoblast differentiation. FASEB J 1990; 4(13): 3111-3123.

68. Subburaman M, David JB. Bone growth factors. Clin Orthop 1991; 263: 30-48.

69. Tenenbaum HC, Heersche JNM. Differentiation of osteoblast and formation of mineralized bone in vitro. Calcif Tissue Int 1982; 34: 76-79.

70. Tenenbaum HC, Palangio KG, Holmyard DP, Pritzker KPH. An ultrastructural study of osteogenesis in chick periosteum in vitro. Bone 1986; 7: 295-302.

71. Tsujit H, McCulloch CA, Melcher AH. Effects of donor age on osteogenic cells of rat bone marrow in vitro. Mech Ageing Dev 1990; 51(2): 121-132.

72. Urist MR, De Lange RJ, Finerman GAM. Bone cell differentiation and growth factors. Science 1983; 220: 680.

73. Urist MR. Bone. Formation by autoinduction. Science 1965; 150: 893.

74. Vander Griend RA. The effect of internal fixation on the healing of large allografts. J Bone Joint Surg 1994; 76A: 657.

75. Young FM, Kerr JM, Ibarak K, Heegaard AM, Gehron RP. Structure, expression and regulation of the major noncollagenous matrix proteins of bone. Clin Orthop 1992; 281: 275-294.