medigraphic.com
ISSN 1561-3054 (Electronic)

2014, Number 3

Next >>

Rev Cubana Med Trop 2014; 66 (3)

Pathogenicity of Blastocystis sp. Evidence and mechanisms

Fonte GL, Fong GA, Méndez SY, Moreira PY

Language: Spanish
References: 91
Page: 305-321
PDF size: 153.36 Kb.


ABSTRACT

Introduction: during the last two decades, evidence supporting the pathogenic character of Blastocystis sp. accumulated. Nevertheless, those arguments are still unknown by the great majority of professionals related with diagnosis, treatment and control of the intestinal infectious in general, and of the blastocystosis in particular.
Objectives: to review published materials about pieces of evidence that support the acceptance of the pathogenicity of Blastocystis sp., and to what extent the information accumulated allows revealing the mechanisms by which this parasite causes damage to the human host.
Methods: through different search engines, papers about pathogenicity of Blastocystis sp. published during 1994-2014 period were reviewed. Additionally, some monograph and papers dated previously to the mentioned interval were also consulted.
Results: updated information about the selected topics, with academic and practical approach, were presented and analyzed.
Conclusions: clinical, phenotypic and genetic pieces of evidence accumulated during the last fifteen years support the pathogenic character of Blastocystis sp. Once they are adequately integrated into the practice of the corresponding professionals the diagnosis, treatment and control of blastocystosis could be improved.


REFERENCES

  1. Tan KS. New insights on classification, identification, and clinical relevance of Blastocystis spp. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2008;21:639-65.

  2. Poirier P, Wawrzyniak I, Vivares CP, Delbac F, El Alaoui H. New insights into Blastocystis spp.: a potential link with irritable bowel syndrome. PLoS pathogens. 2012;8:e1002545.

  3. Boorom K, Smith H, Nimri L, Viscoglios E, Spanakos G, Parkar U. Oh my aching gut: irritable bowel syndrome, Blastocystis, and asymptomatic infection. BMC Parasit Vectors. 2008, 1:40 doi:10.1186/1756-3305-1-40.

  4. Meloni D, Sanciu G, Poirier P, El Alaoui H, Chabé M, Viscoglios E. Molecular subtyping of Blastocystis sp. Isolates from symptomatic patients in Italy. Parasitol Res. 2011;109:613-9.

  5. Tan TC, Suresh KG, Smith HV. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Blastocystis hominis isolates implicates subtype 3 as a subtype with pathogenic potential. Parasitol Res. 2008;104:85-93.

  6. Souppart L, Moussa H, Cian A, Sanciu G, Poirier P, El Alaoui H, et al. Subtype analysis of Blastocystis isolates from symptomatic patients in Egypt. Parasitol Res. 2010;106:505-11.

  7. Leelayoova S, Siripattanapipong S, Thathaisong U, Naaglor T, Taamasri P, Piyaraj P, et al. Drinking water: a possible source of Blastocystis spp. subtype 1 infection in school children of a rural community in central Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2008;79:401-6.

  8. Dogruman-Al F, Dragci H, Yoshikawa H, Kurt Ö, Demirel M. A possible link between subtype 2 and asymptomatic infections of Blastocystis hominis. Parasitol Res. 2008;103:685-9.

  9. Eroglu F, Genc A, Elgun G, Koltas IS. Identification of Blastocystis hominis isolates from asymptomatic and symptomatic patients by PCR. Parasitol Res. 2009;105:1589-92.

  10. Souppart L, Sanciu G, Cian A, Wawrzyniak I, Delbac F, Capron M, et al. Molecular epidemiology of human Blastocystis isolates in France. Parasitol Res. 2009;105:413-21.

  11. Dogruman-Al F, Simsek Z, Boorom K, Ekici E, Sahin M, Tuncer C, et al. Comparison of methods for detection of Blastocystis infection in routinely submitted stool samples, and also in IBS/IBD Patients in Ankara, Turkey. PLoS ONE. 2010;5:e15484.

  12. Hussain R, Jaferi W, Zuberi S, Baqai R, Abrar N. Significantly increased IgG2 subclass antibody levels to Blastocystis hominis in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1997;56:301-6.

  13. Udkow MP, Markell EK. Blastocystis hominis: prevalence in asymptomatic versus symptomatic hosts. J Infect Dis. 1993;168:242-4.

  14. Giacometti A, Cirioni O, Antonicelli L, D'Amato G, Silvestri C, Del Prete MS. Prevalence of intestinal parasites among individuals with allergic skin diseases. J Parasitol. 2003;89:490-2.

  15. Almannoni SA, Pupo D, Rodríguez ME, Cordoví R, Doomenech I, Rubio C, et al. Manifestaciones cutáneas de la giardiasis. Sobredimensión de un problema de salud. Rev Cub Med Trop. 2008;60:183-8.

  16. Katsarou-Katsari A, Vassalos CM, Tzanetou K, Spanakos G, Papadopoulou C, Vakalis N. Acute urticaria associated with amoeboid forms of Blastocystis sp. subtype 3. Acta Derm Venereol. 2008;88:80-1.

  17. Hameed DM, Hassanin OM, Zuel-Fakkar NM. Association of Blastocystis hominis genetic subtypes with urticaria. Parasitol Res. Parasitol Res. 2011;108:553-60.

  18. Tan TC, Ong SC, Suresh KG. Genetic variability of Blastocystis sp. isolates obtained from cancer and HIV/AIDS patients. Parasitol Res. 2009;105:1283-6.

  19. Yavasoglu I, Kadikoylu G, Uysal H, Ertug S, Bolaman Z. Is Blastocystis hominis a new etiologic factor or a coincidence in iron deficiency anemia? Eur J Haematol. 2008;81:47-50.

  20. El Deeb HK, Khodeer S. Blastocystis spp.: frequency and subtype distribution in iron deficiency anemic versus non-anemic subjects from Egypt. J Parasitol. 2013;99:599-602.

  21. Javaherizadeh H, Khademvatan S, Soltani S, Torabizadeh M, Yousefi E. Distribution of haematological indices among subjects with Blastocystis hominis infection compared to controls. Prz Gastroenterol. 2014;9:38-42.

  22. El Deeb HK, Salah-Eldin H, Khodeer S. Blastocystis hominis as a contributing risk factor for development of iron deficiency anemia in pregnant women. Parasitol Res. 2012;110:2167-74.

  23. Boreham PFL, Stenzel DJ. Blastocystis in humans and animals: morphology, biology, and epizootiology. Adv Parasitol. 1993;32:1-70.

  24. Suresh K, Howe J, Ng GC, Ho LC, Ramachandran NP, Loh AK, et al. A multiple fission-like mode of asexual reproduction in Blastocystis hominis. Parasitol Res. 1994;80:523-7.

  25. Lanuza MD, Carbajal JA, Borrás R. Identification of surface coat carbohydrates in Blastocystis hominis by lectin probes. Int J Parasitol. 1996;26:527-32.

  26. El Naga A, Negm A. Morphology, histochemistry and infectivity of Blastocystis hominis cyst. J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 2001;31:627-35.

  27. Hussein E, Hussein A, Eida M, Atwa M. Pathophysiological variability of different genotypes of human Blastocystis hominis Egyptian isolates in experimentally infected rats. Parasitol Res. 2008;102:853-60.

  28. Iguchi A, Ebisu A, Nagata S, Saitou Y, Yoshikawa H, Iwatani S, et al. Infectivity of different genotypes of human Blastocystis hominis isolates in chickens and rats. Parasitol Int. 2007;56:107-12.

  29. Moe K, Singh M, Gopalakrishnakone P, Ho L, Tan S, Chen X, et al. Cytopathic effect of Blastocystis hominis after intramuscular inoculation into laboratory mice. Parasitol Res. 1998;84:450-4.

  30. Moe K, Singh M, Howe J, Ho L, Tan S, Chen X, et al. Experimental Blastocystis hominis infection in laboratory mice. Parasitol Res. 1997;83:319-25.

  31. Pakandl M. An experimental transmission of porcine strains of Blastocystis sp. in the laboratory mice and gerbils. Folia Parasitol. 1992;39:383-6.

  32. Phillips B, Zierdt C. Blastocystis hominis: pathogenic potential in human patients and in gnotobiotes. Exp Parasitol. 1976;39:358-64.

  33. Suresh K, Ng G, Ramachandran N, Ho L, Yap E, Singh M. In vitro encystment and experimental infections of Blastocystis hominis. Parasitol Res. 1993;79:456-60.

  34. Tanizaki A, Yoshikawa H, Iwatani S, Kimata I. Infectivity of Blastocystis isolates from chickens, quails and geese in chickens. Parasitol Res. 2005;96:57-61.

  35. Yoshikawa H, Wu Z, Nagano I, Takahashi Y. Molecular comparative studies among Blastocystis isolates obtained from humans and animals. J Parasitol. 2003;89:585-94.

  36. Brumpt E. Blastocystis hominis N. sp. Et formes voisines. Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 1912;5:725-30.

  37. Chen XQ, Singh M, Ho LC, Tan SW, Ng GC, Moe KT, et al. Description of a Blastocystis species from Rattus norvegicus. Parasitol Res. 1997;83:313-8.

  38. Belova LM. The ultrastructure of Blastocystis galli from chickens. Parazitologiia. 1998;32:553-9.

  39. Noel C, Dufernez F, Gerbod D, Edgcomb VP, Delgado-Viscogliosi P, Capron M. Molecular phylogenies of Blastocystis isolates from different hosts: implications for genetic diversity, identification of species, and zoonosis. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43:348-55.

  40. Stensvold CR, Suresh GK, Tan KS, Thompson RC, Traub RJ, Viscogliosi E, et al. Terminology for Blastocystis subtypes–a consensus. Trends Parasitol. 2007;23:93- 6.

  41. Stensvold CR, Nielsen HV, Molbak K, Smith HV. Pursuing the clinical significance of Blastocystis-diagnostic limitations. Trends Parasitol. 2009;25:23-9.

  42. Parkar U, Traub RJ, Kumar S, Mungthin M, Vitali S, Leelayoova S, et al. Direct characterization of Blastocystis from faeces by PCR and evidence of zoonotic potential. Parasitology. 2007;134:359-67.

  43. Thathaisong U, Worapong J, Mungthin M, Tan-Ariya P, Viputtigul K, Sudatis A, et al. Blastocystis isolates from a pig and a horse are closely related to Blastocystis hominis. J Clin Microbiol. 2003;41:967-75.

  44. Yan Y, Su S, Lai R, Liao H, Ye J, Li X, et al. Genetic variability of Blastocystis hominis isolates in China. Parasitol Res. 2006;99:597-601.

  45. Souppart L, Sanciu G, Cian A, Wawrzyniak I, Delbac F, Capron M, et al. Molecular epidemiology of human Blastocystis isolates in France. Parasitol Res. 2009;105:413-21.

  46. Dominguez-Marquez MV, Guna R, Munoz C, Gomez-Munoz MT, Borras R. High prevalence of subtype 4 among isolates of Blastocystis hominis from symptomatic patients of a health district of Valencia (Spain). Parasitol Res. 2009;105:949-55.

  47. Stensvold CR, Alfellani MA, Norskov-Lauritsen S, Prip K, Victory EL, Maddox C, et al. Subtype distribution of Blastocystis isolates from synanthropic and zoo animals and identification of a new subtype. Int J Parasitol. 2009;39:473-9.

  48. Whipps CM, Boorom K, Bermudez LE, Kent ML. Molecular characterization of Blastocystis species in Oregon identifies multiple subtypes. Parasitol Res. 2010;106:827-32.

  49. Yoshikawa H, Abe N, Iwasawa M, Kitano S, Nagano I, Wu Z, et al. Genomic analysis of Blastocystis hominis strains isolated from two long-term health care facilities. J Clin Microbiol. 2000;38:1324-30.

  50. Noël C, Dufernez F, Gerbod D, Edgcomb VP, Delgado-Viscogliosi P, Ho LC, et al. Molecular phylogenies of Blastocystis isolates from different hosts: implications for genetic diversity, identification of species, and zoonosis. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43:348-55.

  51. Yan Y, Su S, Ye J, Lai X, Lai R, Liao H, et al. Blastocystis sp. subtype 5: a possibly zoonotic genotype. Parasitol Res. 2007;101:152-32.

  52. Stensvold CR, Lewis HC, Hammerum AM, Porsbo LJ, Nielsen SS, Olsen KE, et al. Blastocystis: unravelling potential risk factors and clinical significance of a common but neglected parasite. Epidemiol Infect. 2009;137:1655-63.

  53. Basualdo J, Pezzani B, De Luca M, Cordoba A, Apezteguia M. Screening of the municipal water system of La Plata, Argentina, for human intestinal parasites. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2000;203:177-82.

  54. Elshazly A, Elsheikha H, Soltan D, Mohammad K, Morsy T. Protozoal pollution of surface water sources in Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt. J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 2007;37:51-64.

  55. Karanis P, Kourenti C, Smith H. Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: a worldwide review of outbreaks and lessons learnt. J Water Health. 2007;5:1-38.

  56. Khalifa A, El Temsahy M, El Naga A. Effect of ozone on the viability of some protozoa in drinking water. J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 2001;31:603-16.

  57. Li L, Zhou X, Du Z, Wang X, Wang L, Jiang J, et al. Molecular epidemiology human Blastocystis in a village in Yunnan province, China. Parasitol Int. 2007;56:281-6.

  58. Taamasri P, Mungthin M, Rangsin R, Tongupprakarn B, Areekul W, Leelayoova S. Transmission of intestinal blastocystosis related to the quality of drinking water. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2000;31:112-7.

  59. Waikagul J, Krudsood S, Radomyos P, Radomyos B, Chalemrut K, Jonsuksuntigul P. A cross-sectional study of intestinal parasitic infections among schoolchildren in Nan Province, Northern Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2002;33:218-23.

  60. Olivo A, Romero M, Gudiño A. Findings related to IL-8 and IL-10 gene polymorphisms in a Mexican patient population with irritable bowel syndrome infected with Blastocystis. Parasitol Res. 2012;110: 2830 DOI 10.1007/s00436- 012-2830-0.

  61. Yakoob J, Jafri W, Beg MA, Abbas Z, Naz S, Islam M, et al. Irritable bowel syndrome: is it associated with genotypes of Blastocystis hominis. Parasitol Res. 2010;106:1033-8.

  62. Dogruman-Al F, Kustimur S, Yoshikawa H, Tuncer C, Simsek Z, Tanyuksel M, et al. Blastocystis subtypes in irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease in Ankara, Turkey. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2009;104:724-7.

  63. Jones MS, Whipps CM, Ganac RD, Hudson NR, Boroom K. Association of Blastocystis subtype 3 and 1 with patients from an Oregon community presenting with chronic gastrointestinal illness. Parasitol Res. 2009;104:341-5.

  64. Vogelberg C, Stensvold CR, Monecke S, Ditzen A, Stopsack K, Heinrich-Grafe U, et al. Blastocystis sp. subtype 2 detection during recurrence of gastrointestinal and urticarial symptoms. Parasitol Int. 2010;59:469-71.

  65. Dagci H, Ustun S, Taner MS, Ersoz G, Karacasu F. Protozoon infections and intestinal permeability. Acta Trop. 2002;81:1-5.

  66. Tse SK, Chadee K. Biochemical characterization of rat colonic mucins secreted in response to Entamoeba histolytica. Infect Immun. 1992;60:1603-12.

  67. Thomsen LE, Knudsen KEB, Hedemann MS, Roepstorff A. The effect of dietary carbohydrates and Trichuris suis infection on pig large intestine tissue structure, epithelial cell proliferation and mucin characteristics. Vet Parasitol. 2006;142:112-22.

  68. Iguchi A, Yoshikawa H, Yamada M, Kimata I, Arizono N. Expression of interferon gamma and proinflammatory cytokines in the cecal mucosa of rats experimentally infected with Blastocystis sp. strain RN94-9. Parasitol Res. 2009;105:135-140

  69. Sio S, Puthia M, Lee A, Lu J, Tan KS. Protease activity of Blastocystis hominis. Parasitol Res. 2006;99:126-30.

  70. Puthia M, Lu J, Tan KS. Blastocystis ratti contains cysteine proteases that mediate interleukin-8 response from human intestinal epithelial cells in an NF-κBdependent manner. Eukaryot Cell. 2008;7:435-43.

  71. Mirza H, Tan KS. Blastocystis exhibits inter- and intra-subtype variation in cysteine protease activity. Parasitol Res. 2009;104:355-61.

  72. Puthia M, Vaithilingam A, Lu J, Tan KS. Degradation of human secretory immunoglobulin A by Blastocystis. Parasitol Res. 2005;97:386-9.

  73. Oppenheim J, Zachariae C, Mukaida N, Matsushima K. Properties of the novel proinflammatory supergene intercrine cytokine family. Annu Rev Immunol. 1991;9:617-48.

  74. Charo I, Ransohoff M. The many roles of chemokines and chemokine receptors in inflammation. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:610-21.

  75. Mukaida N, Okamoto S, Ishikawa Y, Matsushima K. Molecular mechanism of interleukin-8 gene expression. J Leukoc Biol. 1994;56:554-8.

  76. Mori N, Oishi K, Sar B, Mukaida N, Nagatake T, Matsushima K, et al. Essential role of transcription factor nuclear factor-kB in regulation of interleukin-8 gene expression by nitrite reductase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa in respiratory epithelial cells. Infect Immun. 1999;67:3872-8.

  77. DiDonato J, Hayakawa M, Rothwarf D, Zandi E, Karin M. A cytokine-responsive IkB kinase that activates the transcription factor NF-kB. Nature. 1997;388:548-54.

  78. Fabian I, Kletter Y, Mor S, Geller-Bernstein C, Ben-Yaakov M, Volovitz B, et al. Activation of human eosinophil and neutrophil functions by haematopoietic growth factors: comparisons of IL-1, IL-3, IL-5 and GM-CSF. Br J Haematol. 1992;80:137-43.

  79. Elwakil H, Hewedi I. Pathogenic potential of Blastocystis hominis in laboratory mice. Parasitol Res. 2010;107:685-9.

  80. Puthia M, Sio S, Lu J, Tan KS. Blastocystis ratti induces contact-independent apoptosis, F-actin rearrangement, and barrier function disruption in IEC-6 cells. Infect Immun. 2006;74:4114-23.

  81. Steck N, Mueller K, Schemann M, Haller D. Bacterial proteases in IBD and IBS. Gut. 2011 E-pub ahead of print 7 September 2011. Doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2011- 300775.

  82. Bueno L, Fioramonti J. Protease-activated receptor 2 and gut permeability: a review. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2008;20:580-7.

  83. Biedermann T, Hartmann K, Sing A, Przybilla B. Hypersensitivity to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and chronic urticaria cured by treatment of Blastocystis hominis infection. Br J Dermatol 2002;146:1113-4.

  84. Pasqui A, Savini E, Saletti M, Guzzo C, Puccetti L, Auteri A. Chronic urticaria and Blastocystis hominis infection: a case report. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2004;8:117-20.

  85. Valsecchi R, Leghissa P, Greco V. Cutaneous lesions in Blastocystis hominis infection. Acta Derm Venereol. 2004;84:322-3.

  86. Cassano N, Scoppio B, Loviglio M, Vena G. Remission of delayed pressure urticaria after eradication of Blastocystis hominis. Acta Derm Venereol. 2005;85:357-8.

  87. Gupta R, Parsi K. Chronic urticaria due to Blastocystis hominis. Australas J Dermatol. 2006;47:117-9.

  88. Sanjurjo E, Rodríguez M, Bravo JR, Finlay CM, Silva LC, Gálvez MD. Encuesta Nacional de Parasitismo Intestinal. La Habana, Cuba: Ministerio de Salud Pública; 1984. p. 111.

  89. Rojas L, Núñez FA, Aguiar H, Silva LC, Álvarez D, Martínez R, et al. Segunda encuesta nacional de infecciones parasitarias intestinales en Cuba, 2009. Rev Cubana Med Trop. 2012;64:15-21.

  90. Núñez FA, Gonzalez OM, Bravo JR, Escobedo AA, González I. Parasitosis intestinales en niños ingresados en el Hospital Universitario Pediátrico del Cerro, La Habana, Cuba. Rev cubana Med Trop. 2003. 2003;55:19-26.

  91. Cañete R, Díaz MM, Avalos R, Laúd PM, Ponce F. Intestinal Parasites in Children from a Day Care Centre in Matanzas City, Cuba. [Internet][Citado 7 de enero de 2014]. PLoS ONE 2012;7: e51394. Disponible en: http://dx.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051394




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com