medigraphic.com

2014, Number 6

<< Back Next >>

Rev Fac Med UNAM 2014; 57 (6)

Marijuana: harmful effects of the social environment on the fetus, childhood, and adolescence

Loredo AA, Casas MA, Monroy LDA

Language: Spanish
References: 62
Page: 27-37
PDF size: 354.36 Kb.


ABSTRACT

We analyze the social and medical situation that children and adolescents are currently living in Mexico. The purpose is to communicate the risks that pregnant women, children and adolescents are exposed to by passively or actively consuming marijuana. It also seeks to aware and update medical students, general practitioners, family physicians, gynecologists, obstetricians and pediatricians about the physical, genetic and neurological effects reported in these populations. Although there are numerous reports in international literature related to this topic, national studies on the matter are scarce, minimizing the chances of preventing harm in Mexican children and adolescents.


REFERENCES

  1. Lozano R. El peso de la enfermedad en México: avances y desafíos. En: Frenk J. Observatorio de la Salud necesidades, servicios y políticas. México: Fundación Mexicana para la Salud; 1997.

  2. Secretaría de Salud. Informe Nacional sobre Violencia y Salud. México, DF: SSA; 2006.

  3. Juárez-Ocaña S, Mejía-Aranguré JM, Rendón-Macías ME, Kauffman-Nieves A, Yamamoto-Kimura LT, Arturo Fajardo- Gutiérrez A. Tendencia de seis principales causas de mortalidad en niños mexicanos durante el periodo 1971- 2000. La transición epidemiológica en los niños. Gac Méd Méx. 2003;139:325-36.

  4. Santos JI. El Programa Nacional de Vacunación: orgullo de México. Rev Fac Med UNAM. 2002;45:142-53.

  5. Sólomon SG, Villa BJP, Núñez VIP. Infancia: vulnerabilidad frente a la pobreza. Acta Pediatr Mex. 2011;32:52-62.

  6. Franco-Abreu G, Rodríguez Chombo P. Los accidentes en los niños. Un estudio Epidemiológico. Revista Mexicana de Pediatría. 2000;67:9-11.

  7. Medina Mora ME, Cravioto J, Fleiz C. Consumo de drogas entre adolescentes. Resultado de la Encuesta Nacional de Adicciones. 1998. Salud Pública Mex. 2003;45:16-25.

  8. Loredo-Abdalá A. Maltrato en niños y adolescentes. México: Editores de Textos Mexicanos; 2004.

  9. Olaiz G, Rivera J, Shamah T, Rojas R, Villalpando S, Hernández M, et al. Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2006. Cuernavaca, México: Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública.

  10. Perea-Martínez A, López-Portillo L, Bárcena-Sobrino E, Greenawalt-Rodríguez S, Caballero-Robles TR, Carbajal- Rodríguez L. Propuestas para la atención continua de niños y adolescentes obesos. Acta Pediatr Mex. 2009;30:54-68.

  11. Wells NM, Evans GW, Beavis A, Ong AD. Early childhood poverty, cumulative risk exposure, and body mass index trajectories through young adulthood. Am J Public Health. 2010;100:2507-12.

  12. Loredo Abdalá A. La drogadicción en la infancia y en la adolescencia. En: Salas Alvarado M. Síndromes pediátricos. Fisiopatología, clínica y terapéutica. México: La Prensa Médica Mexicana; 1977. pp 70-89.

  13. Shakira F, Suglia SD, Duarte SC,Chambers EC y Jarret RB. Riesgo social acumulado y obesidad en la infancia temprana. Pediatrics. 2012;2:29-35. (Ed. Mexicana).

  14. Díaz N, García R. Factores psicosociales de riesgo de consumo de drogas ilícitas en una muestra de estudiantes mexicanos de educación media. Rev Panam Salud Pública. 2008; 24;223-32.

  15. Medina Mora ME, Real T, Villatoro J, Natera T. La drogas y la salud pública: ¿hacia donde vamos? Salud Pública Mex. 2013;55:67-73.

  16. Timberlake DS. A comparison of drug use and dependence between blunt smokers and other cannabis users Subst Use Misuse. 2009;44:401-15.

  17. Del Bosque J, Fernández C, Sánchez HR, Díaz DB, Gutiérrez LA, Fuentes MA, et al. El problema del consumo de cannabis: el papel del Sector Salud. Salud Mental. 2013;36:149-58.

  18. Di Marzo B, Bifulco M, De Petrucellis I. The endocannabinoid system and its therapeutic exploitation. Nature Rev Drug Discovery. 2004;3:771-84.

  19. Macleod J, Oakes R, Copello A, et al. Psychological and social sequelae of cannabis and other illicit drug use by young people: A systematic review of longitudinal, general population studies. Lancet. 2004;363:1579-88.

  20. Secretaría de Salud. Encuesta Nacional de Adicciones 2008. México: Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública; 2008.

  21. Sistema de Información Epidemiológica del Consumo de Drogas. SIECD (2011). Consumo de drogas en pacientes de primer ingreso a tratamiento en Centros de Integración Juvenil, enero-junio de 2010. México: Centros de Integración Juvenil; 2011.

  22. Ferguson D, Boden J, HorwoodI The developmental antecedents of ilicit drugs use: Evidence from a 25 year longitudinal study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2008;96:165-77.

  23. Babor T, Miller P, Edward G. Vested interest, adiction research and public policy . Addiction. 2010;105:4-5

  24. Babor T, Miller F, Edwards G, Vested interest, addiction research and public policy . Addiction. 2010;105:4-5

  25. Marihuana. Canada Information for health care professionals. 2010.

  26. Huff J, Chan Po. Is marihuana [THC] anti-carcinogenic? Letter to the Editor. Toxicon. 2005;46:357:9.

  27. Wendell AD. Overview and Epidemiology of Substance Abuse in Pregnancy. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2013;56:91-6.

  28. Rayburn WF. Maternal and fetal effects from substances use. Clin Perinatol. 2007;34:559-71.

  29. Kalter H, Warkany J. Congenital malformations, etiologic factors and their role in prevention (Parts I and II) N Engl J Med. 1983;308:424-31, 491-7.

  30. Miller RW. Relationship between human teratogens and carcinogens. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1977;58:471-4.

  31. Greenland S, Staisch K, Brown N, et al. Effects of marijuana on human pregnancy, labor and delivery / Neurobehav Toxil Teratol. 1982;4:447-50.

  32. Forrester MB, Merz RD. Risk of selected birth defects with prenatal ilicit drugs use. Hawai 1986-2002. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2007;70:7-18.

  33. English DR, Hulse GK, Milne E, Holman CD. Maternal cannabis use and birth weight: a meta-analysis. Addiction. 1997;92:1553-60.

  34. Rivkin MJ, Davis PE, Lemaster JL, et al. Volumetric MRI Study of brain in children with intrauterine exposure to cocaine, alcohol, tabacco, marijuana. Pediatrics. 2008;121: 741-50.

  35. Trezza V, Campolongo P, Cassano T, et al. Effects of perinatal exposure to delta9tetrahydrocannabinol on the emotional reactivity of the offspring: A longitudinal behavioral study in Wistar rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2008; 198:529-37.

  36. Caspi A, Moffitt TE, Cannon M, et al. Moderation of the effect of adolescent- onset cannabis use on adult psychosis by a functional polymorphism in the catechol- O- methyltransferase gene: Longitudinal evidence of a gene X enviroment interaction. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;55:1117-27.

  37. Kolodny RC, Master WH, Kolodner RM, et al. Depression of plasma testosterone after chronic marihuana use. N Eng J Med. 1974;290:872-4.

  38. El Marroun H, Tiemeir H, Steegers EAP, et al. Intrauterine Cannabis exposure affects fetal growth trajectories: The generation R study H, American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2009;48:1173-81.

  39. Ruiz AE, Méndez M, Prieto-Gómez B, et al. El cerebro, las drogas y los genes. Salud Mental. 2010;33:535-42.

  40. Matus Ortega ME, Calva Nieves JC, Flores Zamora A, Gelman Ph F. La adicciones, hallazgos genómicos. Salud Mental. 2012;129-35.

  41. Matus Ortega ME, Calva Nieves JC, Flores Zamora A, Gelman Ph F. La adicciones, la genómica y la proteómica. Salud Mental. 2012;137-45.

  42. Grufferman S, Schwartz AG, RuymannFB, Maurer HM. Parent’s use of cocaine and marijuana and incresed risk of rhabdomysarcoma in their children. Cancer, Causes and Control. 1993;4:217-24.

  43. Kuijten RR, Bunin CR, Nass CC, Meadows AT. Gestational and familial risk for childhood astrocytoma: result of a case-control study. Cancer Research. 1990;50:2608-12.

  44. Robinson LL, Buckley JD, Daigle AE, et al. Maternal drug use and risk of childhood nonlymphblastic leukemia among offspring. An epidemiologic investigation implicating marijuana (areport from the Childrens Cancer Study Group). Cancer. 1989;63:1904-11.

  45. Trivers K, Mertns A, Steinbuch M, et al. Parental marijuana use and risk of childhood acute myeloid leukaemia: a report from the Children’s Cancer Group. (United States and Canada) Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2006;20: 110-8.

  46. KienbergerJP, Ekwo E. Association of drug abuse and child abuse. Child Abuse Neglect. 1995;19:1065-75.

  47. Shawna L, Carroll Chapman C, Li-Tzy Wu. Substance use among adolescent mothers: A review. Children and Youth Services Review. 2013;35:806-15.

  48. Chao FC, Green DE, Forrest IS, Kaplan JN, Winship-Ball A, Braude M. The passage of 14C-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol into the milk of lactating squirrel monkeys. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol. 1976;15:303-17.

  49. Astley SJ, Little RE. Maternal marijuana use during lactation and infant development at one year. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 1990;12:161-8.

  50. Tennes K, Avitable N, Blackard C, Boyles C, Hassoun B, Holmes L, et al. Marijuana: prenatal and postnatal exposure in the human. En: Pinkert TM (ed.). Current Research on the Consequences of Maternal Drug Abuse. Washington, DC: US Dept of Health and Human Services; 1985; 48-60. NIDA Research Monograph 59.

  51. Raybourn WF. Maternal and fetal effects from substance use. Clin Perinatol. 2007;34:559-71.

  52. Beatty JR, Svikis DS, and Ondersma SJ. Prevalence and Perceived Financial Costs of Marijuana versus Tobacco use among Urban Low-Income Pregnant Women. J Addict Res Ther. 2013;3:1-9.

  53. Lux AL, Henderson AJ, Pocock SJ, ALS-PAC Study Team. Wheeze associated with prenatal tabacco smoke exposure: a prospective, longitudinal study. Arch Dis Child. 2000; 83:307-12.

  54. Magri R, Miguez H Parodi V, et al. Consumo de alcohol y otras drogas en embarazadas. Arch Pediatr Urug. 2007;78:122-32.

  55. Wells K. Substance abuse and child maltreatment. Pediatr Clin N Amer. 2009;56:345-62.

  56. Dumontheil I, Burgess PW, Blakemore SJ. Development of rostral prefrontal cortex and cognitive and behavioral disorders. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2008;50:168-81.

  57. Fried PA, Watkinson B, Gray R. Neurocognitive consequences of marihuana a comparison with pre-drug performance. Neurotoxicology and teratology. 2005;27:231-9.

  58. Marroun HEL, Tiemeir H, Steegers EAP, et al. Intrauterine Cannabis exposure affects fetal growth trajectories: The generation R study H. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2009;48:1173-81.

  59. Day N, LeechS, Goldschmidt I. The effects of prenatal marijuana exposure on delinquent behaviors are mediated by measures of neurocognitive functioning. Neurotoxicology Teratology. 2011;1:129-36.

  60. Arsenault L, Cannon M, Poulton R, et al. Cannabis use in adolescent and risk for adult psychosis: longitudinal prospective study. Br Med J. 2002;325:1212-3.

  61. Caspi A, Moffitt TE, Cannon M, et al. Moderation of the effect of adolescent- onset cannabis use on adult psychosis by a functional polymorphism in the catechol- O- methyltransferase gene: Longitudinal evidence of a gene X enviroment interaction. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;55:1117-27.

  62. Richer I y Bergeron J. Driving under the influence of cannabis: Links with dangerous driving, psychological predictors, and accident involvement. Accid Anal Prev. 2009;4i:299- 307.




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com