medigraphic.com

2014, Number 3

<< Back Next >>

Rev Hum Med 2014; 14 (3)

Female genital mutilation and its long-term complications

Luján RY, Betancourt ÁPR

Language: Spanish
References: 25
Page: 602-614
PDF size: 214.83 Kb.


ABSTRACT

Introduction: The ablation or female genital mutilation includes a wide variety of practices dealing with total or partial extirpation of the external genitalia or its alterations for reasons other than of medical nature. It causes irreversible damages and puts in danger the health or even the life of the woman or child involved.
Objective: The aim of the present study is to characterize female genital mutilation and its long-term complications in Fajikunda community, Gambia, between March and September 2012.
Method: A descriptive prospective study was performed to 117 women that attended the health unit for reasons requiring gynecological examination and the variables age group, mutilation type, ethnic group and complications were studied.
Of the total, 98 women were 45 years old or less; the clitoridectomy (type I) was the most frequent practice; cronical pelvic and genital pains were the long-term complications that showed a major statistical association with relation to mutilation.
Conclusions: The prevalence of female genital mutilation in Fajikunda is approximately the same as in Gambia, the type I is the most performed and generally within young women belonging to Mandinga ethnic group.


REFERENCES

  1. Muñoz AD. La mutilación genital femenina y sus posibles soluciones desde la perspectiva del derecho internacional privado. Córdoba: Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Córdoba; 2003.

  2. Osifo DO, Evbuomwan I. Female genital mutilation among Edo people: the complications and pattern of presentation at a Pediatric Surgery Unit, Benin City. Afr J Reprod Health. 2009;13(1):17–25.

  3. Kaplan Marcusan A, Hechavarría S, Martín M, Bonhoure I. Health consequences of female genital mutilation/cutting in the Gambia, evidence into Action. Reprod Health. 2011;8:26.

  4. Rahman A, Toubia N, Female Genital Mutilation. A guide to laws and policies worldwide. Londres: Zedbook; 2000.

  5. Fondo de Naciones Unidas para la Infancia. Cambiar una convención social perjudicial: la ablación o mutilación genital femenina. Florencia: UNICEF; 2005.

  6. Sipsma HL, Chen PG, Ofori-Atta A, Ilozumba UO, Karfo K, Bradley EH. Female genital cutting: current practices and beliefs in Western Africa. Bull World Health Organ. 2012;90(2):120-7.

  7. Shell-Duncan B, Hernlund Y, editors. Female circumcision in Africa: Culture, Controversy, and Change. Londres: Lynne Rienner Publisher; 2000.

  8. Mitike G, Deressa WD. Prevalence and associated factors of female genital mutilation among Somali refugees in eastern Ethiopia. BMC Public Health. 2009;9: 264.

  9. Karmaker B, Kandala NB, Chung D, Clarke A. Factors associated with female genital mutilation in Burkina Faso and its policy implications. Int J Equity Health. 2011;10:20.

  10. Warzazi HE. Tercer informe sobre la evolución de la situación relativa a la eliminación de las prácticas tradicionales que afectan a la salud de las mujeres y las niñas. Ginebra: Comisión de Derechos Humanos. Subcomisión de Prevención de Discriminaciones y Protección a las Minorías; 1999.

  11. World Health Organization. Female Genital Mutilation. Fact sheet no. 241. Geneva: WHO; 2000.

  12. Amnistía Internacional. Declaración de principios. Section 1: What is Female Genital Mutilation? ; 2009 [cited 2013 Mar 11]. Available from: http://www.amnesty.org/ailib/intcam/femgen/fgm1.htm

  13. World Health Organization. FGM, integrating the Prevention and Management of the Health Complications into the Curricula of Nursing and Midwifery: A Teacher’s Guide. Geneva: WHO; 2001.

  14. Abdulcadir J, Margairazb C, Boulvaina M, Olivier Irion O. Care of women with female genital mutilation/cutting. SMW [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2013 Apr 15];140:1-8. Available from: http://www.smw.ch/scripts/stream_pdf.php?doi=smw-2011-13137

  15. Johnsdotter S. The FGM Legislation implemented: experiences from Sweden [Internet]. Malmö: Malmö University; 2009 [cited 2013 Jun 15]. Available from: http://www.uv.es/cefd/17/Johnsdotter.pdf

  16. Dorkenoo E, Elworthy S. Female genital mutilation: proposals for change. London: Minority Rights Group; 1992.

  17. Pasquinelli C. Anthropology of Female Genital Mutilation in Legal Tools for the Prevention of Female Genital Mutilation. London: Zedbook; 2004.

  18. Khaja K, Barkdull C, Augustine M, Cunningham D. Female genital cutting. African women speak out. Int Social Work. 2009;52:727-41.

  19. Abdulcadir J. Missed opportunities for diagnosis of female genital mutilation. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2014;125(3):256-60.

  20. Johnsdotter S. Somali Woman in Western Exile: Reassessing Female Circumcision in the Light of Islamic Teachings. J Muslim Min Affairs. 2003;23(2):361-73.

  21. European Union. International Women’s Day: Zero tolerance for female genital mutilation [press release]. Brussels: European Commission; 2013.

  22. Kaplan A. Mutilaciones genitales femeninas: entre los derechos humanos y el derecho a la identidad étnica y de género. En: Lucas J de, editor. Multiculturalidad y justicia. Cuadernos de Derecho Judicial. Madrid: Consejo General del Poder Judicial; 2002.

  23. Berg RC, Denison E. A tradition in transition: Factors Perpetuating and Hindering the Continuance of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) Summarized in a Systematic Review. Health Care Women Int. 2013;34(10):837-59.

  24. Singhateh SK. Female Circumcision, the Gambian Experience: A Study on the Social, Economic and Health Implications. Banjul: The Gambia Women’s Bureau; 1985.

  25. Kaplan-Marcusán A, Torán-Montserrat P, Moreno-Navarro J, Castany Fábregas MJ, Muñoz-Ortiz L. Perception of primary health professionals about Female Genital Mutilation: from healthcare to intercultural competence. BMC Health Services Research [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2013 Jun 16];9:11. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6963/9/11




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com