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2006, Number 1

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Vet Mex 2006; 37 (1)

Functional foods for weanling pigs

Figueroa VJL, Chi MEE, Cervantes RM, Domínguez VIA

Language: English/Spanish
References: 119
Page: 117-136
PDF size: 295.85 Kb.


ABSTRACT

A functional food is a compound that, being or not a nutrient, has a positive effect on one or several functions in the organism, producing well-being in the animal. The following compounds are considered functional foods: prebiotics, probiotics, symbiotics, antioxidants, secondary products of plant metabolism, structural lipids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, fat metabolism by-products, bioactive peptides, fiber, vitamins and minerals. Prebiotics, probiotics and symbiotics are modifiers of the intestinal microflora increasing mainly lactobacilli and bifidobacteria populations and reducing pathogenic bacteria. Lactobacilli and bifidobacteria use oligosaccharides and fructo-oligosaccharides arriving at the colon, producing fatty acids and freeing minerals to be absorbed and utilized by the host. Prebiotics are partially-digestible oligosaccharides; probiotics are microorganisms (mainly lactobacilli and bifidobacteria); and symbiotics are a mixture of probiotics and prebiotics. During the weaning period, piglets face dramatic changes in feeding management and environment, affecting feed intake and, at the same time, affecting digestive functions resulting in lower growth and higher incidence of disease, mainly diarrhea. Functional food may be an alternative to reduce the effects of weaning on growth performance and health of piglets, to diminish or to avoid gastrointestinal problems during weaning, preventing the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria, and improving digestive functions. All these may help to withdraw antibiotics from piglet feed.


REFERENCES

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  2. Bellisle F, Diplock AT, Hornstra G. Functional food science in Europe. J Nutr 1998; 80 Suppl 1:S3-S4.

  3. Roberfroid MB. Prebiotics and symbiotics: concepts and nutritional properties. Br J Nutr 1998; 80 Suppl 2:s197-s202.

  4. Marquadt RR. Control of diarrhea causing pathogens in pig: synergistic interaction of probiotic organism and prebiotic dietary factors. Reprod Nutr Dev 2000; 40:219-225.

  5. Roberfroid MB. Funtional effects of food components and the gastrointestinal system: chicory fructo-oligosaccharides. Nutr Rev 1996; 54:S38-S42.

  6. Grossenbacher-Mansuy W. Functional food. Center for Technology Assessment at the Swiss Science and Technology Council. 2000.

  7. Escalante A. El potencial de manipulación de la flora intestinal por medios dietéticos sobre la salud humana. Enferm Infecc Microbiol 2001; 21:106-114.

  8. Collins MD, Gibson GR. Probiotic, prebiotic and symbiotic: approaches for modulating the microbial ecology of the gut. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 69 Suppl 1:1052s-1057s.

  9. Roberfroid MB. Prebiotics and probiotics. Are they functional food?. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71 Suppl 1:406s-409s.

  10. Roberfroid MB. Concepts and strategy of functional food science: The European perspective. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71 Suppl 1:1660-1664.

  11. Ballabriga A, Carrascosa A. La fibra en la nutrición de la infancia. Nutrición en la infancia y adolescencia. Barcelona, España: ERGON: 2001.

  12. Schrezemeir J, De Vrese M. Probiotic, prebiotic and symbiotic - approaching a definition. Am J Clin Nutr 2001; 73 Suppl 1:361s-364s.

  13. Salminen S, Ouwehand A, Benno A, Lee, YK. Probiotics: how should they be defined?. Trends Food Sci Technol 1999; 10:107-110.

  14. DeSimone C, Rosati E, Moretti S. Probiotics and stimulation of the immune response. J Clin Nutr 1991; 45:32-34.

  15. Marquina D, Santos A. Probióticos, Prebióticos y Salud. Sociedad Española de Microbiología. Actualidad 2001; 32:24-26.

  16. Adams M, Hall C. Growth inhibition of food-borne pathogens by lactic and acetic acids and their mixtures. Int J Food Sci Technol 1988; 23:287-292.

  17. Mack DR, Michail S, Wei S. Probiotics inhibit enteropathogenic E. coli adherence in vitro by inducing intestinal mucin gene expression. Am J Physiol 1999; 276:G941-G950.

  18. Anónimo. Inulina y oligofructosa: Boletín del Centro de Automatización, Robótica y Tecnologica de la Información y de la Fabricación. Vigilancia Tecnológica 2004; 1:1-8.

  19. Gibson GR, Roberfroid MB. Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: introducing the concept of probiotics. J Nutr 1995; 125:1401-1412.

  20. Hussein SH, Flickinger EA, Fahey GC. Petfood application of inulin and oligofructose. J Nutr 1999; 129:1455s-1456s.

  21. Gibson GR, Fuller R. Aspects of in vitro and in vivo research approaches directed toward identifying probiotics and prebiotics for human use. J Nutr 2000; 130:391s-395s.

  22. Gibson GR. Dietary modulation of the human gut microflora using probiotics. Br J Nutr 1998; 80:S209-S212.

  23. Niness KR. Inulin and oligofructose: what are they? J Nutr 1999; 129:1402s-1406s.

  24. Choct M, Kocher A. Non-starch carbohydrates: digestionnd its secondary effects in monogastrics. University of New England Annual Report, 2001:1-8.

  25. Wenk G. The role of dietary fibre in the digestive physiology of the pig. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2001; 90:21-33.

  26. Roberfroid MB, Van Loo JAE, Gibson GR. The bifidogenic nature of chicory inulin and its hydrolysis products. J Nutr 1998; 128:11-19.

  27. Bengmark S, García de Lorenzo A, Culebras JM. Use of pro-, pre- and symbiotics in the ICU - future options. Nutr Hosp 2001; 16:239-256.

  28. Hidaka H, Eida T, Tokunga T, Tashiro Y. Effects of fructo-oligosaccharides on intestinal flora and human health. Bifid Microflora 1986; 5:37-50.

  29. digestion and its secondary effects in monogastrics .University of New England Annual Report, 2001:1-8.

  30. MA. Problemas entéricos. Elanco Animal Health. Porcicultura 2001:1-5.

  31. Mathew AG, Upchurch WG, Chattin SE. Incidence of antibiotic resistance in fecal Escherichia coli isolated from commercial swine farm. J Anim Sci 1998; 76:429-434.

  32. Mahan DC. Effect of weight, split-weaning and nursery feeding programs on performance responses of pigs to 105 kilogram body weight and subsequent effects on sow rebreeding interval. J Anim Sci 1993; 71:1991-1995.

  33. Allee GL, Touchette KJ. Efectos de la nutrición sobre la salud intestinal y el crecimiento de lechones. XV curso de especialización. 1999 Noviembre 4 y 5; Madrid, España. Fundación para el desarrollo de la nutrición animal. Madrid, España. 1999:125-144.

  34. Tang M, Laarveld B, Van Kessel AG, Hamilton DL, Estrada A, Patience JF. Effect of segregated early weaning on postweaning small intestinal development in pigs. J Anim Sci 1999; 77:3191-3200.

  35. Gibson GR. Dietary modulation of the human gut microflora using prebiotics oligofructose and inulin. J Nutr 1999; 129:1438s-1441s.

  36. Mackie RI, Sghir A, Gaskins HR. Developmental microbial ecology of the neonatal gastrointestinal tract. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 69 Suppl:1035-1045.

  37. Conway P. Development of intestinal microbiota. In: RI Mackie, BA White, RE Isaacson, eds, Gastrointestinal Microbiology. New York: Chapman and Hall, 1997; 2:3-38.

  38. Problemas digestivos en cerdos de crecimiento y engorda. National Hog Farmer Co., 2002:51-55.

  39. Pollman DS, Danielson DM, Peo Jr ER. Effect of microbial feed additives on performance of starter and growing-finishing pigs. J Anim Sci 1980; 51:577-581.

  40. Howard MD, Liu H, Spencer JD, Kerley MS, Alle GL. Incorporation of short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides and tylan into diets of early-weaned pigs. University of Missouri Animal Sciences Department, Annual Report 1999:90-95.

  41. Le Mieux FM, Southern LL, Bidner TD. Effect of mannan oligosaccharides on growth performance of weanling pigs. J Anim Sci 2003; 81:2482-2487.

  42. Lessard M, Brisson GJ. Effect of a Lactobacillus fermentation product on growth, immune response and fecal enzyme activity in weaned pigs. Can J Anim Sci 1987; 67:509-516.

  43. Mathew AG, Chattin SE, Robbins CM, Golden DA. Effects of a direct-fed yeast culture on enteric microbial populations, fermentation acids, and performance of weaning pigs. J Anim Sci 1998; 76:2138-2145.

  44. Goldin BR, Gorbach SL. Effect of Lactobacillus dietary supplements on 1,2 dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride induced intestinal cancer in rats. J Natl Cancer Inst 1980; 64:263-265.

  45. Fuller R. A review: probiotics in man and animals. J Appl Bacteriol 1989; 65:365-378.

  46. Bengmark S. Ecological control of the gastrointestinal tract. The roll of probiotic flora. Gut 1998; 42:79-87.

  47. Isolauri E, Kaila M, Mykkänen H, Ling W, Salminen S. Oral bacteriotherapy for viral gastroenteritis. Dig Dis Sci 1994; 39:2595-2600.

  48. Majamaa H, Isolauri E, Salexin M, Vesikari T. Lactic acid bacteria in the treatment of acute rotavirus gastroenteritis. J Pedriatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1995; 20:333-338.

  49. Kimura K, McCartney A, McConnel M, Tannock G. Analysis of fecal populations of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli and investigation of the immunological response of their human host to the predominant strains. Appl Environ Microbiol 1997; 63:3394-3398.

  50. Perdigon G, Vintini E, Alvarez S, Medina M, Medici M. Study of the possible mechanism involved in the mucosal immune system activation by lactic acid bacteria. J Dairy Sci 1999; 82:1108-1114.

  51. Elson C, Zivory J. Oral tolerance: a commentary. In: Kagnoff M, Kiyono H, editors. Essential of mucosal immunology. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 1996; 543-554.

  52. Valdez J, Rachid M, Bru E, Perdigon G. The effect of yogurt on the citotoxic and phagocytic activity of macrophages in tumor-bearing mice. Food Agric Immunol 1997; 9:299-308.

  53. Alvarez S, Gobbato N, Bru E, Ruiz-Holgado A, Perdigon G. Specific immunity induction at the mucosal level by viable Lactobacillis casei: a perspective for oral vaccine development. Food Agric Immunol 1998; 10:79-87.

  54. Perdigon G, Valdez J, Rachid M. Antitumor activity of yogurt: study of possible immune mechanisms. J Dairy Res 1998; 65:129-138.

  55. Dunkley M, Husband A. Routes of priming and challenge for a IgA antibody-containing cell responses in the intestine. Immunol Lett 1990; 26:165-170.

  56. McGhee J, Mestecky J, Dertzbaugh M, Eldridge J, Hirasawa M, Kiyono H. The mucosal immune system: from fundamental concepts to vaccine development. Vaccine 1992; 10:75-88.

  57. Lamm M, Nedrud J, Kaetzel C, Mazanec M. New insights into epithelial cell function in mucosal immunity: neutralization of intracellular pathogens and excretion of a antigens by IgA. In: Kagnoff M, Kyono H, editors. Essentials of mucosal immunology. San Diego, CA, Academic Press, 1996; 141-149.

  58. White LA, Newman MC, Cromwell GI, Linderman MD. Brewers dried yeast as a source of mannan oligosaccharides for weanling pigs. J Anim Sci 2002; 80:2619-2628.

  59. Newman KE, Newman MC. Evaluation of mannan oligosaccharides on the microflora and immunoglobulins status of sow and piglet performance. J Anim Sci 2001; 79 Suppl 1:189.

  60. O´Quinn PR, Funderburke DW, Tibbetts GW. Effects of dietary supplementation with mannan oligosaccharides on sow and litter performance in a commercial production system. J Anim Sci 2001; 79 Suppl 1:212.

  61. Stahly T. Influencia de la activación del sistema inmunitario sobre la productividad y las características nutricionales de dietas para cerdos. XII curso de especialización: Avances en nutrición y alimentación animal. 1996 noviembre 7-8; Madrid, España: Federación Española para el Desarrollo de la Nutrición Animal (FEDNA), 1996: 95-105.

  62. Bellisle F, Diplock AT, Hornstra G. Functional food science in Europe. J Nutr 1998; 80 Suppl 1:S3-S4.

  63. Roberfroid MB. Prebiotics and symbiotics: concepts and nutritional properties. Br J Nutr 1998; 80 Suppl 2:s197-s202.

  64. Marquadt RR. Control of diarrhea causing pathogens in pig: synergistic interaction of probiotic organism and prebiotic dietary factors. Reprod Nutr Dev 2000; 40:219-225.

  65. Roberfroid MB. Funtional effects of food components and the gastrointestinal system: chicory fructo-oligosaccharides. Nutr Rev 1996; 54:S38-S42.

  66. Grossenbacher-Mansuy W. Functional food. Center for Technology Assessment at the Swiss Science and Technology Council. 2000.

  67. Escalante A. El potencial de manipulación de la flora intestinal por medios dietéticos sobre la salud humana. Enferm Infecc Microbiol 2001; 21:106-114.

  68. Collins MD, Gibson GR. Probiotic, prebiotic and symbiotic: approaches for modulating the microbial ecology of the gut. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 69 Suppl 1:1052s-1057s.

  69. Roberfroid MB. Prebiotics and probiotics. Are they functional food?. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71 Suppl 1:406s-409s.

  70. Roberfroid MB. Concepts and strategy of functional food science: The European perspective. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71 Suppl 1:1660-1664.

  71. Ballabriga A, Carrascosa A. La fibra en la nutrición de la infancia. Nutrición en la infancia y adolescencia. Barcelona, España: ERGON: 2001.

  72. Schrezemeir J, De Vrese M. Probiotic, prebiotic and symbiotic - approaching a definition. Am J Clin Nutr 2001; 73 Suppl 1:361s-364s.

  73. Salminen S, Ouwehand A, Benno A, Lee, YK. Probiotics: how should they be defined?. Trends Food Sci Technol 1999; 10:107-110.

  74. DeSimone C, Rosati E, Moretti S. Probiotics and stimulation of the immune response. J Clin Nutr 1991; 45:32-34.

  75. Marquina D, Santos A. Probióticos, Prebióticos y Salud. Sociedad Española de Microbiología. Actualidad 2001; 32:24-26.

  76. Adams M, Hall C. Growth inhibition of food-borne pathogens by lactic and acetic acids and their mixtures. Int J Food Sci Technol 1988; 23:287-292.

  77. Mack DR, Michail S, Wei S. Probiotics inhibit enteropathogenic E. coli adherence in vitro by inducing intestinal mucin gene expression. Am J Physiol 1999; 276:G941-G950.

  78. Anónimo. Inulina y oligofructosa: Boletín del Centro de Automatización, Robótica y Tecnologica de la Información y de la Fabricación. Vigilancia Tecnológica 2004; 1:1-8.

  79. Gibson GR, Roberfroid MB. Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: introducing the concept of probiotics. J Nutr 1995; 125:1401-1412.

  80. Hussein SH, Flickinger EA, Fahey GC. Petfood application of inulin and oligofructose. J Nutr 1999; 129:1455s-1456s.

  81. Gibson GR, Fuller R. Aspects of in vitro and in vivo research approaches directed toward identifying probiotics and prebiotics for human use. J Nutr 2000; 130:391s-395s.

  82. Gibson GR. Dietary modulation of the human gut microflora using probiotics. Br J Nutr 1998; 80:S209-S212.

  83. Niness KR. Inulin and oligofructose: what are they? J Nutr 1999; 129:1402s-1406s.

  84. Choct M, Kocher A. Non-starch carbohydrates: digestionnd its secondary effects in monogastrics. University of New England Annual Report, 2001:1-8.

  85. Wenk G. The role of dietary fibre in the digestive physiology of the pig. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2001; 90:21-33.

  86. Roberfroid MB, Van Loo JAE, Gibson GR. The bifidogenic nature of chicory inulin and its hydrolysis products. J Nutr 1998; 128:11-19.

  87. Bengmark S, García de Lorenzo A, Culebras JM. Use of pro-, pre- and symbiotics in the ICU-future options. Nutr Hosp 2001; 16:239-256.

  88. Hidaka H, Eida T, Tokunga T, Tashiro Y. Effects of fructo-oligosaccharides on intestinal flora and human health. Bifid Microflora 1986; 5:37-50. digestion and its secondary effects in monogastrics .University of New England Annual Report, 2001:1-8.

  89. MA. Problemas entéricos. Elanco Animal Health. Porcicultura 2001:1-5.

  90. Mathew AG, Upchurch WG, Chattin SE. Incidence of antibiotic resistance in fecal Escherichia coli isolated from commercial swine farm. J Anim Sci 1998; 76:429-434.

  91. Mahan DC. Effect of weight, split-weaning and nursery feeding programs on performance responses of pigs to 105 kilogram body weight and subsequent effects on sow rebreeding interval. J Anim Sci 1993; 71:1991-1995.

  92. Allee GL, Touchette KJ. Efectos de la nutrición sobre la salud intestinal y el crecimiento de lechones. XV curso de especialización. 1999 Noviembre 4 y 5; Madrid, España. Fundación para el desarrollo de la nutrición animal. Madrid, España. 1999:125-144.

  93. Tang M, Laarveld B, Van Kessel AG, Hamilton DL, Estrada A, Patience JF. Effect of segregated early weaning on postweaning small intestinal development in pigs. J Anim Sci 1999; 77:3191-3200.

  94. Gibson GR. Dietary modulation of the human gut microflora using prebiotics oligofructose and inulin. J Nutr 1999; 129:1438s-1441s.

  95. Mackie RI, Sghir A, Gaskins HR. Developmental microbial ecology of the neonatal gastrointestinal tract. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 69 Suppl:1035-1045.

  96. Conway P. Development of intestinal microbiota. In: RI Mackie, BA White, RE Isaacson, eds, Gastrointestinal Microbiology. New York: Chapman and Hall, 1997; 2:3-38.

  97. Problemas digestivos en cerdos de crecimiento y engorda. National Hog Farmer Co., 2002:51-55.

  98. Pollman DS, Danielson DM, Peo Jr ER. Effect of microbial feed additives on performance of starter and growing-finishing pigs. J Anim Sci 1980; 51:577-581.

  99. Howard MD, Liu H, Spencer JD, Kerley MS, Alle GL. Incorporation of short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides and tylan into diets of early-weaned pigs. University of Missouri Animal Sciences Department, Annual Report 1999:90-95.

  100. Le Mieux FM, Southern LL, Bidner TD. Effect of mannan oligosaccharides on growth performance of weanling pigs. J Anim Sci 2003; 81:2482-2487.

  101. Lessard M, Brisson GJ. Effect of a Lactobacillus fermentation product on growth, immune response and fecal enzyme activity in weaned pigs. Can J Anim Sci 1987; 67:509-516.

  102. Mathew AG, Chattin SE, Robbins CM, Golden DA. Effects of a direct-fed yeast culture on enteric microbial populations, fermentation acids, and performance of weaning pigs. J Anim Sci 1998; 76:2138-2145.

  103. Goldin BR, Gorbach SL. Effect of Lactobacillus dietary supplements on 1,2 dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride induced intestinal cancer in rats. J Natl Cancer Inst 1980; 64:263-265.

  104. Fuller R. A review: probiotics in man and animals. J Appl Bacteriol 1989; 65:365-378.

  105. Bengmark S. Ecological control of the gastrointestinal tract. The roll of probiotic flora. Gut 1998; 42:79-87.

  106. Isolauri E, Kaila M, Mykkänen H, Ling W, Salminen S. Oral bacteriotherapy for viral gastroenteritis. Dig Dis Sci 1994; 39:2595-2600.

  107. Majamaa H, Isolauri E, Salexin M, Vesikari T. Lactic acid bacteria in the treatment of acute rotavirus gastroenteritis. J Pedriatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1995; 20:333-338.

  108. Kimura K, McCartney A, McConnel M, Tannock G. Analysis of fecal populations of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli and investigation of the immunological response of their human host to the predominant strains. Appl Environ Microbiol 1997; 63:3394-3398.

  109. Perdigon G, Vintini E, Alvarez S, Medina M, Medici M. Study of the possible mechanism involved in the mucosal immune system activation by lactic acid bacteria. J Dairy Sci 1999; 82:1108-1114.

  110. Elson C, Zivory J. Oral tolerance: a commentary. In: Kagnoff M, Kiyono H, editors. Essential of mucosal immunology. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 1996; 543-554.

  111. Valdez J, Rachid M, Bru E, Perdigon G. The effect of yogurt on the citotoxic and phagocytic activity of macrophages in tumor-bearing mice. Food Agric Immunol 1997; 9:299-308.

  112. Alvarez S, Gobbato N, Bru E, Ruiz-Holgado A, Perdigon G. Specific immunity induction at the mucosal level by viable Lactobacillis casei: a perspective for oral vaccine development. Food Agric Immunol 1998; 10:79-87.

  113. Perdigon G, Valdez J, Rachid M. Antitumor activity of yogurt: study of possible immune mechanisms. J Dairy Res 1998; 65:129-138.

  114. Dunkley M, Husband A. Routes of priming and challenge for a IgA antibody-containing cell responses in the intestine. Immunol Lett 1990; 26:165-170.

  115. McGhee J, Mestecky J, Dertzbaugh M, Eldridge J, Hirasawa M, Kiyono H. The mucosal immune system: from fundamental concepts to vaccine development. Vaccine 1992; 10:75-88.

  116. Lamm M, Nedrud J, Kaetzel C, Mazanec M. New insights into epithelial cell function in mucosal immunity: neutralization of intracellular pathogens and excretion of a antigens by IgA. In: Kagnoff M, Kyono H, editors. Essentials of mucosal immunology. San Diego, CA, Academic Press, 1996; 141-149.

  117. White LA, Newman MC, Cromwell GI, Linderman MD. Brewers dried yeast as a source of mannan oligosaccharides for weanling pigs. J Anim Sci 2002; 80:2619-2628.

  118. Newman KE, Newman MC. Evaluation of mannan oligosaccharides on the microflora and immunoglobulins status of sow and piglet performance. J Anim Sci 2001; 79 Suppl 1:189.

  119. O´Quinn PR, Funderburke DW, Tibbetts GW. Effects of dietary supplementation with mannan oligosaccharides on sow and litter performance in a commercial production system. J Anim Sci 2001; 79 Suppl 1:212.




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