medigraphic.com
ISSN 2307-2113 (Electronic)
Revista Cubana de Información en Ciencias de la Salud (ACIMED)

2014, Number 2

<< Back Next >>

Revista Cubana de Información en Ciencias de la Salud (ACIMED) 2014; 25 (2)

Biotechnological overview of Latin America from the perspective of immunological patents

Campos JE, Campos FA

Language: Spanish
References: 30
Page: 172-182
PDF size: 181.76 Kb.


ABSTRACT

Introduction: a great technological divide is recognized to exist between the continents. Even though there is a multitude of reports about scientific production and its evolution around the world, relevant studies are still lacking in the field of patents. Scientometric studies dealing with patents are few and limited, particularly in certain knowledge areas.
Objective: analyze the technological status of immunology in Latin America between 2004 and 2011.
Methods: Immunological patent documentation was obtained from Scopus, and an analysis was conducted of the patents applied for through the Patent Cooperation Treaty. An evaluation was carried out of applicants, their country of origin, the patenting economic sectors and the cooperation between countries.
Results: during the study period 89 countries applied for 17 281 immunological patents. Countries from the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development applied for 97,28 % of the patents, the European Union for 30,76 % and Latin America for 0,86 %. The Latin American countries applying for most patents were Brazil (43) and Cuba (31). The main applicants were Argentina and Brazil (10 each) and Mexico (8). Latin American co-applicants included Bahamas-Belize, Brazil-Uruguay, Chile-Ecuador, Cuba-Mexico and Honduras-Mexico. Most immunological patents were for pharmaceutical products and biotechnology. Latin American private institutions applied for 46% of the patents, public research offices for 28 %, universities for 25 % and hospitals for 3 %.
Conclusions: technological differences, at least in this knowledge area, have gradually lessened. Thus Bermuda and the Cayman Islands rank 8th and 9th worldwide, respectively, in patents per inhabitant. Brazil ranks 20th in patents/Gross National Income-Purchasing Power Parity. Uruguay ranks 11th in patents/investment in RDI in % of the Gross National Income, and Mexico ranks 20th. Significant bias may result from analyzing just one knowledge area, but it makes it possible to determine and assess the evolution of the study subject in each country.


REFERENCES

  1. McQuinn K, Whelan K. Solow (1956) as a model of cross-country growth dynamics. Oxford Review of Economic Policy. 2007;23:45-62.

  2. Commission of the European Communities. Working together for growth and jobs next steps in implementing the revised Lisbon strategy. Commission of the European Communities (622/2); 2005.

  3. Ferné G. La ciencia una nueva mercancía. Mundo científico. 1989;91:564-71.

  4. Spinak E. Indicadores cienciométricos. Acimed. 2001(9 Supl.)4:16-8.

  5. Leydesdorff L. Indicators of Innovation in a Knowledge-based Economy. Cybermetrics. 2001;5:2.

  6. Plaza LM, Albert A. Análisis de la producción científica española citada en patentes biotecnológicas en EE. UU. Rev Esp Doc Cient. 2004;27:212-20.

  7. Campos E, Campos A. Analysis of immunological patents filed under the Patent Cooperation Treaty (2004-2011). Inmunología. 2014;33:21-6.

  8. Guerra K, Zayas MR, González MV. Bibliometric analysis of publications related to innovation projects and their management in Scopus, 2001-2011. Acimed. 2013;24:281-94.

  9. ISI WEB. Essential Science IndicatorsSM [Internet]. 2013 [citado 3 de julio de 2013]. Disponible en: http://esi.webofknowledge.com/baselinespage.cgi

  10. International Patent Classification [Internet]. 2010 [citado 14 de mayo de 2010]. Disponible en: http://www.wipo.int/classifications/ipc/

  11. WIPO Statistics Database [Internet]. 2013 [citado 10 de marzo de 2013]. Disponible en: http://www.wipo.int/ipstats/en/statistics/patents/pdf/wipo_ipc_technology.pdf

  12. Wikipedia. Países por población [Internet]. 2012 [citado 22 de abril de 2012]. Disponible en: http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anexo:Pa%C3%ADses_por_poblaci%C3%B3n

  13. Banco Mundial. Ingreso Nacional Bruto [Internet]. 2013 [citado 3 de julio de 2013]. Disponible en: http://datos.bancomundial.org/indicador/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD

  14. CIA World Factbook [Internet]. 2013 [citado 3 de julio de 2013]. Disponible en: http://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2001rank.html

  15. Banco Mundial [Internet]. 2013 [citado 3 de julio de 2013]. Disponible en: https://datos.bancomundial.org/indicador /GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?order=wbapi_data_value_2010%20wbapi_data_value%20w bapi_data_value-last&sort=asc

  16. du Plessis M, van Looy B, Song X, Magerman T. Data Production Methods for Harmonized Patent Statistics: Patentee Sector Allocation. Eurostat European Comission [Internet]. 2009 [citado 3 de julio de 2013]. Disponible en: https://lirias.kuleuven.be/bitstream/123456789/264237/1/2010-03-18+- +SECTOR+ALLOCATION+UPDATE+2

  17. Martínez F, Pastor JA, López R. Las patentes como indicador de la actividad científica en las universidades españolas. El Profesional de la Información. 2010;19:168-74.

  18. Hidalgo A, Iglesias S, Hernández A. Utilización de las bases de datos de patentes como instrumento de vigilancia tecnológica. El Profesional de la Información. 2009;18:511-20.

  19. Guasch LM. Nuevas perspectivas en la evaluación de las patentes como parte del curriculum científico. Rev Esp Docum Cient. 2007;30:218-40.

  20. European Comisión. Towards a European Research Area. Special edition. Indicators for benchmarking of national research policies. Brussels [Internet]. 2001 [citado 5 de mayo de 2011]. Disponible en: http://ec.europa.eu/research/era/pdf/benchmarking2001.pdf

  21. Squicciarini M, Dernis H, Criscuolo C. Measuring Patent Quality: Indicators of Technological and Economic Value. OECD Science, Technology and Industry. Working Papers [Internet]. 2013 [citado 15 de julio de 2013];03. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5k4522wkw1r8-en

  22. Centro de noticias de la ONU. OMPI reporta disminución de solicitud de patentes internacionales [Internet]. 2010 [citado 8 de febrero de 2010]. Disponible en: http://www.un.org/spanish/News/story.asp?NewsID=17611

  23. Trend in patent applications worldwide [Internet]. 2013 [citado 19 de julio de 2013]. Disponible en: http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/ipstats/en/wipi/xls/a_1_1_1.xls

  24. OECD. Compendium of Patent Statistics [Internet]. 2008 [citado 21 de junio de 2012]. Disponible en: http://www.oecd.org/science/inno/37569377.pdf

  25. Jaffe AB, Trajtenberg M, Fogarty MS. Knowledge Spillovers and Patent Citations: evidence from a Survey of Inventors. Am Econ Rev. 2000;90:215-8.

  26. Miller DJ, Fern MJ, Cardinal LB. The use of knowledge for technological innovation within diversified firms. AMJ. 2007;50:307-25.

  27. Lanjouw JO, Pakes A, Putnam J. How to count patents and value intellectual property: uses of patent renewal and application data. Jour Indus Econ. 1998;XLVI:405-33.

  28. Harhoff D, Scherer FM, Vopel K. Citations, family size, opposition and the value of patent rights. Res Pol. 2002;32:1343-63.

  29. Mowery DC, Sampat BN, Ziedonis AA. Learning to patent: institutional experience, learning and the characteristics of us university patents after the bayhdole act, 1981-1992. Manag Scien. 2001;48:73-89.

  30. OECD [Internet]. 2013 [citado 2 de julio de 2013]. Disponible en: http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/download /9209031ec011.pdf?expires=1359115574&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=E44B 1B64C6E6404E05EEDCF520C46B01




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com