medigraphic.com
ISSN 0016-3813 (Print)

2005, Number 1

<< Back

Gac Med Mex 2005; 141 (1)

The 20th Century: 100 years of misfortune and splendor.

Urdaneta-Carruyo E

Language: Spanish
References: 86
Page: 75-84
PDF size: 70.05 Kb.


ABSTRACT

The 20th century has been one of the most intense and convulsive periods in the History of humanity. A century of paradoxes and contrasts, it began with optimism, it witnessed the apocalypse of two world wars, and finished with unimaginable scientific progress that gave us a new civilization that we cannot yet grasp. In this century, significant events happened that shaped our time and projected their results toward an immediate future. Some of these were providential in understanding man’s life, fighting against illnesses and prolonging life, and others were of undeniable social importance for humanity. Some knowledge was based on the work of others. Philosophy was embedded in mathematics, as was science in philosophy, while politics and the economy exercised so decisive an influence in our way of feeling and living that culture and society were affected to the core. Within that century the biggest technological revolution of all the time was also created, as transcendent as it was unimaginable, which put mankind on the road to the stars with the moon landing and in the process created the information society whose signature symbol, the internet, emerged as a new demiurge. However, the 20th century, with all its misfortune and splendor, paradoxes and contrasts, creation and destruction, was the most transcendent in the whole of history and it bequeaths to the future a promising horizon in the search for a renovated meaning of life and a yearning for peaceful coexistence for the whole humanity.


REFERENCES

  1. Carrel A. La incógnita del Hombre. 12ª. Ed. Barcelona: Editorial Iberia, SA; 1973.

  2. Fondo de Población de las Naciones Unidas (FNUAP). Estado de la Población Mundial 1999. FNUAP: New York. 2000.

  3. Sen A. La Explosión Demográfica. Mitos y Realidades. Letra Internacional 1995;37:5.

  4. Munich-RE. Las Megalópolis: ¿perdidas potenciales cada vez mayores? EIRD 2001;(3):10.

  5. Acuña H. Ecología Humana y Salud (editorial) Bol Of Sanit Panam 1982, 95:(5)409-3.

  6. 6 Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD). l informe sobre Desarrollo Humano. Madrid: Mundi-Prensa Libros, SA;1999.

  7. Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación (FAO). Informe Anual sobre el Estado Mundial de la Alimentación y la Agricultura: Aumenta el número de personas que padecen hambre mientras se prevé un crecimiento económico más bajo en los países en desarrollo. Roma: FAO; 1998. Informe Técnico SOFA 98.

  8. World Health Organization. The World Health Report 1999: Making a difference. Ginebra: WHO;1999.

  9. World Bank. Global Economy Prospects and the Developing Countries 1999 Beyond Financial crisis. Washington, DC: World Bank; 1999.

  10. Castro J. Geografia del Hambre. 3rd ed. Madrid: Ediciones CID; 1966.

  11. Carrera DF. El hambre en el mundo. Caracas: Monte Ávila Editores, CA; 1976.

  12. UNESCO. El Hambre. Crisis o escándalo. Barcelona: Promoción Cultural, SA;1976.

  13. La Tragedia Afrícana: el Hambre kditorí~. Revista RESUMEN (Caracas). 1984;No.576p.4446.

  14. Comisión Económica para América Latina. Panorama Social de América Latina. Santiago de Chile: CEPAL; 1997.

  15. Interamerican Development Bank. Facing up to inequality in Latin America: Economic and Social Progress in Latin America. 1998-1999. Report. Washington, DC: John Hopkins University Press & Interamerican Development Bank; 1998.

  16. Beckford, G. Persistent Poverty, Underdevelopment in Plantation of the Third World. 2nd ed. Londres: Oxford Press; 1983.

  17. World Bank. World Development Report 1996. Washington: World Bank; 1996.

  18. Comisión Brandt Norte-Sur. Un programa para la supervivencia. Informe Oficial. Washington, DC: ONU; 1978.

  19. Grantham-McGregor M. The effect of childhood malnutrition on mental development. In: Proceedings of the XIII International Congress of Nutrition. London: John Libbey and Co; 1986.

  20. Urdaneta-Carruyo E. Prevalencia de anemia nutricional ferropénica y niveles de pre-albúmina sérica e ingesta de nutrientes en niños preescolares de dos comunidades: urbana y rural, de la ciudad de Barinas-Venezuela. Tesis de Maestría. Palos de la Frontera (España): Universidad Internacional de Andalucía; 2000.

  21. World Bank. World Development Report 2000/2001. Attacking Poverty. New York: Oxford University Press; 2001.

  22. García-Márquez G. Cien Años de Soledad. Lima: Editorial La Oveja Negra; 1981.

  23. Lewis O. Antropología de la pobreza. México: FCE: 1961.

  24. Ehrlich PR, Ehrlich AH. La Explosión Demográfica: El principal problema ecológico. Madrid: Biblioteca Científica Salvat; 1993.

  25. Lewis O. Los Hijos de Sánchez. 178 ed. México: Joaquín Mortiz Editor; 1979.

  26. Valentine Ch. La Cultura de la Pobreza. Buenos Aires: Amorrortu Editores; 1970.

  27. Adíer L. Cómo sobreviven los marginados. México: Siglo Veintiuno Editores, S.A; 1975.

  28. Negretti D, Tovar A. El concepto de marginalidad Aplicación en el contexto latinoamericano. Caracas: Ediciones del Consejo de Desarrollo Científico y Humanístico, Universidad Central de Venezuela; 1987.

  29. Copelev L. Está en juego la suerte de la humanidad. En: Iaans Kung. Reivindicación de una ética mundial. Madrid: Editorial Trotta; 2002. p. 52.

  30. Goudie A. The human impact. Oxford: Basil Blackwell; 1981.

  31. Passmore J. La Reponsabilidad del Hombre frente a la Naturaleza. Ecología y Tradiciones de Occidente. Madrid: Alianza Editorial; 1978.

  32. Vallarino E. La Ruptura Ecológica. Problemas ambientales de la civilización actual. RyF 1984;209:248-261.

  33. Delibes M. Un Mundo que agoniza. Barcelona: Planeta; 1979.

  34. Machad Allison C. Ecología: la Paradoja del siglo XX. Cuadernos de Difúsión No. 13. Caracas: Ediciones Fundarte; 1976.

  35. Comisión para el Desarrollo y Medio Ambiente de América Latina y el Caribe. Nuestra Propia Agenda sobre Desarrollo y Medio Ambiente. México: BID! PNUD! FCE, SA de CV; 1991.

  36. Drostc B. El Arca en peligro. El Correo de la UNESCO 1991; (11):28.

  37. Brubaker S. Para vivir en la Tierra. México: Ediciones P~x; 1973.

  38. U.S. National Academy of Sciences. Earth Crash. Documenting the Collapse of a Dying Planet. Washington: NAS; 2000.

  39. López Azpitart E. Ética y vida. Desafíos actuales. Ediciones Paulinas: Madrid, 1990.

  40. Lebreton PH. La Nature en Crise. Paris: Sang de Terre: 1988.

  41. Feemberg A. Más allá de la Supervivencia. El Debate Ecológico. Madrid: Tecnos; 1982.

  42. Idso SB. Industrial age leading to the greening of the earth. Nature 1986; 320:22.

  43. Ashby E. Reconciling Man with the environment. Londres: Oxford University Press; 1978.

  44. Perr~~ Gottesfeld P. Fifteen Years After Bhopal, Lessons Learned But Not Exported. The Seattle Post Intelligencer. 1999 December 9. Section A:3.

  45. Blagov S. Desastre de Chernobyl causa daños 15 años después. Tierramérica 2003 Septiembre16. Sección A:4.

  46. Crawford M. Hazardous Waste: Where to put it. Science 1987;235:156-157.

  47. Centeno JC. Gritos en el Bosque. Documento de Discusión del Fondo Mundial para la Naturaleza. 2nd. ed. Ginebra: Fondo Mundial para la Naturaleza; 1991.

  48. Abramovitz J. Imperiled waters, impoverished ~¿~re: The decline of freshwater ecosystems. Washington: Worldwatch Institute; 1996.

  49. Carpenter B, Watson T. More people, more pollution. Washington: U.S. News & World Report; 1994. Report No. 117.

  50. Clark R. Water: The International Crisis. London: Earthscan; 1991.

  51. World Health Organization. Our planet, our health. Report of the WHO Commission of Health and Environment. Geneva: WHO; 1992.

  52. Dubós R. Man, Medicine and Environment. New York: Frederick A. Praeger Inc. Publishers; 1968.

  53. Harrison P. The Third Revolution: Environment, Population and a Sustainable World. London: IB Tauris; 1992.

  54. Marcuse H. La Agresión en la Sociedad Tecnológica. En: La Sociedad Industrial Contemporánea. lía cd. Fromm E, Horowitz IL, Marcuse H, Gorz A y Flores 0V. México: Siglo XXI Editores, SA; 1978.

  55. Michael H. The Causes of War Cambridge: Harvard University Press; 1984.

  56. Van Evera SW. Causes of War. Doctoral Thesis. Berkeley: University of California; 1984.

  57. Great Events of the 20th Century. New York: The Reader Digest Association Inc; 1977.

  58. Ogg L. compilador. Crónica del Siglo XX Madrid: Plaza & Janes Editores, SA; 1986.

  59. Barondess J. Medicine against society: lessons from the Third Reich. JAN 1996;276:1657-1661.

  60. 60 León A. Ética en Medicina. Barcelona: Editorial Científico Médica; 1973.

  61. Proctor RN. Anti-Semitism in the German medical community. In: Racial Hygiene-Medicine Under the Nazis. Cambridge: Harvard University Press; 1988. p. 131-176.

  62. Kater Mil. Doctors Under Hitler. Chapel Hilí: University of North Carolina Press; 1989

  63. Ivy AC. The brutalities of Nazis physicians. JAMA 1946;131:714-715.

  64. Schuman H. Doctors of infamy. New York: Editorial Press; 1949.

  65. Szymon D. Crimes against prisoners of war. Varsovia:Western Press Agency;1964.

  66. Burleigh M. Selling Murder: The killing films of the Third Reich. In: Death and Deliverance: Euthanasia in Germany 1900-1945. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1994. p. 183-219.

  67. Seidelman WE. Medspeaks for murder: The Nazi experience and the culture of medicine. In: Caplan AL. editor. When Medicine Went Mad: Bioethics and the Holocaust. Totowa NJ: Humana Press; 1992.

  68. Friedlander H. Killing handicapped adults. In: The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press; 1995. p. 62-85.

  69. Friedlander H. Killing handicapped children. In: The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution. Chapel HilI: University of North Carolina Press; 1995. p. 39-61.

  70. Faden R, Lederer SE, Moreno JD. US medical researchers, the Nuremberg Doctors trial, and the Nuremberg code: findings of the Advisory Committee. JAMA 1996;276:1672-1675.

  71. Burleigh M. Wheels must roll for victory! Children’s euthanasia and aktion T4. In: Death and Deliverance. Euthanasia in Germany 1900-1945. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1994. p. 93-129.

  72. Lifton Rl. Sterilization and the Nazi biomedical vision. In: The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide. New York: Basic Books Inc Publishers; 1986. p. 22-24.

  73. Lifton Rl. Euthanasia: direct medical killing. In: The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide. New York: Basic Books Inc Publishers; 1986. p. 22-24.

  74. Posner GL and Ware J. Mengele: the complete story. New York: McGraw Hill; 1986.

  75. Muller-Hill B. From Daedalus to Mengele: The Dark Side of Human Genetics. Genome 1989;31(2):876-8.

  76. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). World Armaments and Disarmament. Stockholm: SIPRI Yearbook; 1989.

  77. US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (ACDA). World Military Expenditures and Arms Transfers. ACDA: Washington, 1989.

  78. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). World Armaments and Disarmament. Stockholm: SIPRI Yearbook; 1999.

  79. Einstein A. Mis Creencias. Madrid: Siglo XX: 1984.

  80. Hobsbawm EJ. Extremes. The Short Twentieth Century 1914-1991. London: Randon House, Inc. 1994.

  81. Jacob F. La Sour¡s, la Mouche et L’homme. Paris: Editions Odile Jacob. 1998.

  82. Ondar:ra R. El Impacto del Hombre sobre la Tierra. 38 ed. México: Editorial Trillas, SA de CV; 1993.

  83. Golub ES. The Limits of Medicine. Random House: London, 1994.

  84. Ortega y Gasset J. La Rebelión de las Masas. Madrid: El Arquero; 1975.

  85. Forbes Rl. The Conquest of Nature. Technology and Consequences. New York: Frederick A. Praeger Inc. Publishers; 1968.

  86. Hamburger J. The power and the frailty. New York: McMillan; 1973.




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com