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Academia Mexicana de Neurología, A.C.

2008, Number 5

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Rev Mex Neuroci 2008; 9 (5)

Blood-brain barrier. Neurobiology, clinical implications and effects of the stress on his development

Escobar A, Gómez GB

Language: Spanish
References: 91
Page: 395-405
PDF size: 178.55 Kb.


ABSTRACT

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an essential diffusion system to the central nervous system (CNS) function. BBB controls access to the nervous tissue of a significant number of compounds normally circulating in the blood, thus keeping homeostasis in the CNS microenvironment. Functions of the BBB include protection to the brain, selective transport from brain capillaries to the nervous tissue, and metabolism or modification of blood elements that will get into the nervous tissue. Tight junctions of the capillary endothelial cells form the BBB, thus making brain capillary wall impermeable. Other participant cells are pericytes, the abluminal basal lamina, perivascular astrocytes and microglia. The endothelial cells in the other body organ capillaries are fenestrated. However, the BBB constitutes a structure of selective permeability with active transporters and enzymes that allow crossing of essentials such as aminoacids, glucose, and transferrin, plus other liposoluble elements among them steroids, and alcohol. Crossing of BBB is associated to the inherent chemical properties of each element. Several membrane proteins: claudins, occludin, junctional adhesion molecules, Z01, Z02, Z03, cingulin, constitute the molecular bases of the BBB. Actin is essentially associated to the endothelial tight junctions.
In some areas of the brain capillary endothelial cells do not form tight junctions, thus allowing free bi-directional exchange of molecules between blood and neurons in the adjacent cerebral parenchyma. Most of those areas deprived of BBB are close to the ventricular cavities in the brain, and are therefore called circunventricular organs: the choroid plexuses, the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis, the subfornical organ, the subcommisural organ, the median eminence, the pineal gland, the neural lobe of the pituitary gland, and the area postrema.
In general, substances and molecules can cross the BBB by several mechanisms: vesicular mediated transport, receptor mediated transcytosis, transmembranal diffusion, transport systems. Also retrograde axonic flow that eludes the BBB.
Stress is known to be an important factor that impairs development of structures during ontogenesis in the brain. The BBB among other structures. An experimental study was done in our laboratory in order to assess the effects of prenatal and postnatal stress on the BBB development in an altricial mammal, the rat. Chronic perinatal stress increased BBB permeability to Evans blue in the whole brain.


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